AIME or AlpacaEval or MMLU Benchmark Papers

Researcher Quick Triage

Use this page for benchmark-matched method comparisons and eval protocol selection. Quality band: High .

• 60 papers explicitly name benchmark datasets in the sampled set.
• 37 papers report at least one metric term in metadata extraction.
• Start with the ranked shortlist below before reading all papers.

Primary action: Start with the top 2 benchmark-matched papers, then compare evaluation modes in the protocol matrix.

Start Here (Benchmark-Matched First 6)

Ranked by protocol completeness so you can quickly find papers suitable for comparison studies.

• Memory Augmentation Unlocks Efficient Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

  Aug 21, 2026 · Citations: 0 · Score: 8.5

  Eval: Automatic Metrics · Metrics: Accuracy

• Will Scaling Improve Social Simulation with LLMs?

  Jul 2, 2026 · Citations: 0 · Score: 8.0

  Eval: Automatic Metrics, Simulation Env · Metrics: Accuracy

• Cliff Tokens: Identifying Single-Token Failure Triggers in LLM Mathematical Reasoning

  Jun 24, 2026 · Citations: 0 · Score: 8.0

  Eval: Automatic Metrics · Metrics: Accuracy

• Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarking

  Apr 13, 2026 · Citations: 0 · Score: 7.5

  Eval: Llm As Judge · Metrics: Precision

• Diagnosing Translated Benchmarks: An Automated Quality Assurance Study of the EU20 Benchmark Suite

  Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0 · Score: 7.5

  Eval: Automatic Metrics · Metrics: Accuracy

• PubMed Reasoner: Dynamic Reasoning-based Retrieval for Evidence-Grounded Biomedical Question Answering

  Mar 28, 2026 · Citations: 0 · Score: 7.5

  Eval: Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics · Metrics: Accuracy

Protocol Matrix (Top 10)

Compare protocol ingredients quickly before deep-reading full papers.

Top Papers On This Benchmark

• Tool Verification for Test-Time Reinforcement Learning

  Ruotong Liao, Nikolai Röhrich, Xiaohan Wang, Yuhui Zhang, Yasaman Samadzadeh · Mar 2, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• Reasoning or Rambling? Exploring the Effect of Thinking on Agent Persuasion

  Haodong Zhao, Jidong Li, Zhaomin Wu, Tianjie Ju, Zhuosheng Zhang · Sep 25, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Understanding persuasion is critical for the safety and reliability of multi-agent systems built on large language models (LLMs).

• Memory Augmentation Unlocks Efficient Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

  Simeng Zhang, Yilong Chen, Wenyuan Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang, Yao Chen · Aug 21, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Demonstrations Automatic Metrics

  Based on this principle, we propose Memory-Augmented Compression, a training-free framework that constructs reusable reasoning memories from historical traces and retrieves them as prefill-side scaffolds.

• RARE: Decoupling Representation Steering from Expert Routing in Mixture-of-Experts Language Models

  Zhibo Zhang, Zhen Ouyang, Ling Shi, Kailong Wang · Aug 21, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• Inject, Align, Recover: Staged Post-Training for Retrieval-Free Document Knowledge Internalization

  Qian Kou, Xiaofeng Shi, Xiaosong Qiu, Hua Zhou · Aug 20, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• Decoupled Contrastive Decoding via Expert-Aligned Drafting

  Zhixuan Liu, Zhichen Dong, Yuanfu Wang, Chao Yang · Aug 13, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• The Wording Effect: Quantifying Two-Way Drift in LLM Benchmark Performance

  Shailja Thakur, Sungeun An, Chad DeLuca, Hima Patel · Aug 12, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  A benchmark score comes from a single phrasing of each problem.

• Shorthand for Thought: Compressing LLM Reasoning via Entropy-Guided Supertokens

  Zhenyu Zhao, Sander Land, Daniel M. Bikel, Waseem Alshikh · Apr 29, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Across three model families and five mathematical reasoning benchmarks, our approach shortens reasoning traces by 8.1% on average; under a TOST equivalence analysis at a +/- 2pp margin, accuracy is equivalent or inconclusive on 13/15 model…

• Will Scaling Improve Social Simulation with LLMs?

  Caleb Ziems, William Held, Su Doga Karaca, David Grusky, Tatsunori Hashimoto · Jul 2, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic MetricsSimulation Env

  We use scaling laws to study the relationship between LLMs' compute scale, general capability benchmarks, and the fidelity of social simulation in three representative sub-domains: opinion modeling, behavioral simulation, and longitudinal…

• NITP: Next Implicit Token Prediction for LLM Pre-training

  Xiangdong Zhang, Debing Zhang, Shaofeng Zhang, Xiaohan Qin, Yu Cheng · May 24, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• PARTREP: Learning What to Repeat for Decoder-only LLMs

  Andikawati P Widjaja, Yongjun Kim, Hyounghun Kim, Jaeho Lee · Jul 2, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Across eight benchmarks (including MMLU, GSM8K, and RULER) and three model families (Qwen2.5, Llama3.2, Gemma4), PartRep retains most of the gains of full repetition while using only 59.4\% of its KV cache and 79.0\% of its prefill FLOPs.

• On Compositional Learning Behaviours in Formal Mathematics

  Kevin Yandoka Denamganaï · May 27, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Self-evolving scientific agents capable of conquering the hard tail of formal mathematics require Compositional Learning Behaviours (CLBs) -- the capacity to ground and recombine novel symbolic structures in context, beyond mere…

• Closing the Activation-Cone Blind Spot: Response-Time Probing and Unified Defense

  Subhadip Mitra · Jun 28, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Inference-time safety methods for large language models have proliferated, yet no systematic comparison exists.

• Epiphany-Aware KV Cache Eviction Without the Attention Matrix

  Steven Kolawole, Virginia Smith · Jun 25, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• Symbiotic-MoE: Unlocking the Synergy between Generation and Understanding

  Xiangyue Liu, Zijian Zhang, Miles Yang, Zhao Zhong, Liefeng Bo · Apr 9, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• Cliff Tokens: Identifying Single-Token Failure Triggers in LLM Mathematical Reasoning

  Jaeyong Ko, Pilsung Kang, Yukyung Lee · Jun 24, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics

  Across seven models and three mathematical reasoning benchmarks (GSM1K, MATH500, AIME 2025), cliff tokens act as failure triggers; deleting the first cliff token and resampling recovers pass@64 to 1.0, while keeping it limits recovery to…

• SARA: Unlocking Multilingual Knowledge in Mixture-of-Experts via Semantically Anchored Routing Alignment

  Tianyu Dong, Yangyang Liu, Jiang Zhou, Xinwei Wu, Xiaohu Zhao · Jun 24, 2026 · Citations: 0

  We conduct experiments on 2 LLMs across 5 low-resource languages and 3 benchmarks.

• Holistic Data Scheduler for LLM Pre-training via Multi-Objective Reinforcement Learning

  Chenhao Dang, Jing Ma, Mingjie Liao · Jun 23, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  On The Pile benchmark, HDS reaches the final validation perplexity of the next best method with 44% fewer training iterations.

• RoPE-Aware Bit Allocation for KV-Cache Quantization

  Fengfeng Liang, Yuechen Zhang, Jiaya Jia · Jun 23, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• SIGMA: Search-Augmented On-Demand Knowledge Integration for Agentic Mathematical Reasoning

  Ali Asgarov, Umid Suleymanov, Aadyant Khatri · Oct 31, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  We introduce SIGMA (Search-Augmented On-Demand Knowledge Integration for AGentic Mathematical reAsoning), a unified framework that orchestrates specialized agents to independently reason, perform targeted searches, and synthesize findings…

• Where Does Social Reasoning Come From? Capability Provenance in Language Models

  Glenn Matlin, Chandreyi Chakraborty, Saehee Eom, Mika Okamoto, Rayan Castilla · Jun 17, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Training-data attribution measures how strongly each training document influences a model's predictions on a benchmark, but document-level scores are too noisy to identify which corpus regions support which capabilities, and prior work has…

• Resolution Diagnostics for Paired LLM Evaluation

  Anany Kotawala · May 28, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Pairwise Preference

  Across two public LLM leaderboards, many displayed pairwise rankings do not meet a conventional paired-test resolution target under the actual paired evaluation design: 11 of 40 Open LLM Leaderboard v1 pairwise comparisons and 4 of 9…

• Reasoning Theater: Disentangling Model Beliefs from Chain-of-Thought

  Siddharth Boppana, Annabel Ma, Max Loeffler, Raphael Sarfati, Eric Bigelow · Mar 5, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• Latent Performance Profiling of Large Language Models

  Tanmoy Chakraborty, Ayan Sengupta, Suparna Bhattacharya, Partha Pratim Chakrabarti, Amlan Chakrabarti · May 28, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Large language models (LLMs) frequently achieve impressive scores on standardized benchmarks, yet accuracy alone offers a limited view of their capabilities.

• Accelerated Test-Time Scaling with Model-Free Speculative Sampling

  Woomin Song, Saket Dingliwal, Sai Muralidhar Jayanthi, Bhavana Ganesh, Jinwoo Shin · Jun 5, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Extensive evaluations across multiple models and reasoning tasks (AIME-2024, GPQA-Diamond, and LiveCodeBench) demonstrate that STAND reduces inference latency by 60-65% compared to standard autoregressive decoding while maintaining…

• Benchmarking EngGPT2-16B-A3B against Comparable Italian and International Open-source LLMs

  Andrea Sassella, Andrea Chizzola, Tommaso Bianchi, Luca Alessandrelli, Mark James Carman · May 8, 2026 · Citations: 0

  This report benchmarks the performance of ENGINEERING Ingegneria Informatica S.p.A.'s EngGPT2MoE-16B-A3B LLM, a 16B parameter Mixture of Experts (MoE) model with 3B active parameters.

• SOD: Step-wise On-policy Distillation for Small Language Model Agents

  Qiyong Zhong, Mao Zheng, Mingyang Song, Xin Lin, Jie Sun · May 8, 2026 · Citations: 0

  To address this, we propose SOD, a step-wise on-policy distillation framework for small language model agents, which adaptively reweights distillation strength at each step based on step-level divergence.

• Mathematical Reasoning via Intervention-Based Time-Series Causal Discovery Using LLMs as Concept Mastery Simulators

  Tsuyoshi Okita · May 8, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Simulation Env

  With a 7B-parameter LLM whose weights are entirely frozen, CIKA achieves 69.7\% on the contamination-free Omni-MATH-Rule benchmark and 64.0\% overall, compared to 60.5\% for o1-mini, and 97.2\% on GSM8K, 46--50\% on AIME 2024--2026, and…

• Teaching Thinking Models to Reason with Tools: A Full-Pipeline Recipe for Tool-Integrated Reasoning

  Qianjia Cheng, Yuchen Zhang, Zhilin Wang, Yuxin Zuo, Shunkai Zhang · May 7, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Paradoxically, we observe that tool-enabled evaluation can degrade reasoning performance even when the strong thinking models make almost no actual tool calls.

• Hidden Measurement Error in LLM Pipelines Distorts Annotation, Evaluation, and Benchmarking

  Solomon Messing · Apr 13, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Demonstrations Llm As Judge

  LLM evaluations drive which models get deployed, what safety standards get adopted, which research conclusions get published, and how projections of AI's labor-market impact get made.

• FIT to Forget: Robust Continual Unlearning for Large Language Models

  Xiaoyu Xu, Minxin Du, Kun Fang, Yaxin Xiao, Zhicong Huang · Jan 29, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Furthermore, to facilitate rigorous evaluation, we introduce PCH, a unified benchmark encompassing Personal, Copyrighted, and Harmful content, alongside two symmetric metrics, Forget Degree (F.D.) and Retain Utility (R.U.), to…

• Beyond Majority Voting: Towards Fine-grained and More Reliable Reward Signal for Test-Time Reinforcement Learning

  Weiqin Wang, Yile Wang, Kehao Chen, Hui Huang · Dec 17, 2025 · Citations: 0

  We conduct experiments across various models and benchmarks, experimental results show that SCOPE consistently outperforms recent baselines.

• Fragile Knowledge, Robust Instruction-Following: The Width Pruning Dichotomy in Llama-3.2

  Pere Martra · Dec 27, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  We evaluated seven expansion ratio configurations using comprehensive benchmarks assessing factual knowledge, mathematical reasoning, language comprehension, instruction-following, and truthfulness.

• UR$^2$: Unify RAG and Reasoning through Reinforcement Learning

  Weitao Li, Boran Xiang, Xiaolong Wang, Zhinan Gou, Weizhi Ma · Aug 8, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Experiments on open-domain QA, MMLU-Pro, medical, and mathematical reasoning tasks show that UR^2, built on Qwen-2.5-3/7B and LLaMA-3.1-8B, consistently outperforms existing RAG and RL baselines, and achieves performance comparable to…

• Cost-Effective Communication: An Auction-based Method for Language Agent Interaction

  Yijia Fan, Jusheng Zhang, Kaitong Cai, Jing Yang, Chengpei Tang · Nov 17, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  To address this, we introduce the Dynamic Auction-based Language Agent (DALA), a novel framework that treats communication bandwidth as a scarce and tradable resource.

• Towards Bridging the Reward-Generation Gap in Direct Alignment Algorithms

  Zeguan Xiao, Yun Chen, Guanhua Chen, Ke Tang · Jun 11, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Pairwise Preference

  Direct Alignment Algorithms (DAAs), such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) and Simple Preference Optimization (SimPO), have emerged as efficient alternatives to Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) algorithms for aligning…

• DeepPrune: Parallel Scaling without Inter-trace Redundancy

  Shangqing Tu, Yaxuan Li, Yushi Bai, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li · Oct 9, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics

  Our method features a specialized judge model trained with out-of-distribution data (AIME 2022, AIME 2023, and MATH 500) using oversampling techniques to accurately predict answer equivalence from partial reasoning traces, achieving 0.7072…

• Diffusion Language Models Know the Answer Before Decoding

  Pengxiang Li, Yefan Zhou, Dilxat Muhtar, Lu Yin, Shilin Yan · Aug 27, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Empirical evaluations of LLaDA-8B and Dream-7B across multiple tasks show that Prophet reduces the number of decoding steps by up to 3.4x while preserving high generation quality.

• PIKA: Expert-Level Synthetic Datasets for Post-Training Alignment from Scratch

  Shangjian Yin, Shining Liang, Wenbiao Ding, Yuli Qian, Zhouxing Shi · Oct 8, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Pairwise Preference

  Despite its small size, fine-tuning Llama-3-8B-Base on PiKa-SFT even outperforms the official Llama-3-8B-Instruct model trained on over 10M proprietary examples on widely used benchmarks such as AlpacaEval 2.0 and Arena-Hard.

• GIFT: Group-Relative Implicit Fine-Tuning Integrates GRPO with DPO and UNA

  Zhichao Wang · Oct 27, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics

  This paper proposes Group-relative Implicit Fine-Tuning (GIFT), a reinforcement learning framework for aligning large language models (LLMs) that unifies on-policy optimization with implicit preference learning.

• Diagnosing Translated Benchmarks: An Automated Quality Assurance Study of the EU20 Benchmark Suite

  Klaudia Thellmann, Bernhard Stadler, Michael Färber · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Machine-translated benchmark datasets reduce costs and offer scale, but noise, loss of structure, and uneven quality weaken confidence.

• Let the Model Distribute Its Doubt: Confidence Estimation through Verbalized Probability Distribution

  Ante Wang, Weizhi Ma, Yang Liu · Nov 18, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• Klear-Reasoner: Advancing Reasoning Capability via Gradient-Preserving Clipping Policy Optimization

  Zhenpeng Su, Leiyu Pan, Xue Bai, Dening Liu, Guanting Dong · Aug 11, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  We present Klear-Reasoner, a model with long reasoning capabilities that demonstrates careful deliberation during problem solving, achieving outstanding performance across multiple benchmarks.

• Tokens with Meaning: A Hybrid Tokenization Approach for Turkish

  M. Ali Bayram, Ali Arda Fincan, Ahmet Semih Gümüş, Sercan Karakaş, Banu Diri · Aug 19, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  We further validate practical utility with downstream sentence embedding benchmarks under a strict random initialization control to isolate tokenizer inductive bias.

• EngGPT2: Sovereign, Efficient and Open Intelligence

  G. Ciarfaglia, A. Rosanova, S. Cipolla, J. Bartoli, A. Di Domenico · Mar 17, 2026 · Citations: 0

  EngGPT2 is trained on 2.5 trillion tokens - less than Qwen3's 36T or Llama3's 15T - and delivers performance on key benchmarks, including MMLU-Pro, GSM8K, IFEval and HumanEval, comparable to dense models in the 8B-16B range, while requiring…

• PubMed Reasoner: Dynamic Reasoning-based Retrieval for Evidence-Grounded Biomedical Question Answering

  Yiqing Zhang, Xiaozhong Liu, Fabricio Murai · Mar 28, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Expert Verification Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics

  In this context, we introduce PubMed Reasoner, a biomedical QA agent composed of three stages: self-critic query refinement evaluates MeSH terms for coverage, alignment, and redundancy to enhance PubMed queries based on partial (metadata)…

• Shifting Perspectives: Steering Vectors for Robust Bias Mitigation in LLMs

  Zara Siddique, Irtaza Khalid, Liam D. Turner, Luis Espinosa-Anke · Mar 7, 2025 · Citations: 0

  When optimized on the BBQ dataset, our individually tuned steering vectors achieve average improvements of 12.8% on BBQ, 8.3% on CLEAR-Bias, and 1% on StereoSet, and show improvements over prompting and Self-Debias in all cases, and…

• Why Models Know But Don't Say: Chain-of-Thought Faithfulness Divergence Between Thinking Tokens and Answers in Open-Weight Reasoning Models

  Richard J. Young · Mar 27, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• DataFlex: A Unified Framework for Data-Centric Dynamic Training of Large Language Models

  Hao Liang, Zhengyang Zhao, Meiyi Qiang, Mingrui Chen, Lu Ma · Mar 27, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• Mitigating LLM Hallucinations through Domain-Grounded Tiered Retrieval

  Md. Asraful Haque, Aasar Mehdi, Maaz Mahboob, Tamkeen Fatima · Mar 18, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  The system was evaluated across 650 queries from five diverse benchmarks: TimeQA v2, FreshQA v2, HaluEval General, MMLU Global Facts, and TruthfulQA.

• LLMpedia: A Transparent Framework to Materialize an LLM's Encyclopedic Knowledge at Scale

  Muhammed Saeed, Simon Razniewski · Mar 25, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Benchmarks such as MMLU suggest flagship language models approach factuality saturation, with scores above 90\%.

• Reward Is Enough: LLMs Are In-Context Reinforcement Learners

  Kefan Song, Amir Moeini, Peng Wang, Lei Gong, Rohan Chandra · May 21, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• DSPA: Dynamic SAE Steering for Data-Efficient Preference Alignment

  James Wedgwood, Aashiq Muhamed, Mona T. Diab, Virginia Smith · Mar 23, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics

  Preference alignment is usually achieved by weight-updating training on preference data, which adds substantial alignment-stage compute and provides limited mechanistic visibility.

• Hypothesis-Conditioned Query Rewriting for Decision-Useful Retrieval

  Hangeol Chang, Changsun Lee, Seungjoon Rho, Junho Yeo, Jong Chul Ye · Mar 19, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• Learning to Self-Evolve

  Xiaoyin Chen, Canwen Xu, Yite Wang, Boyi Liu, Zhewei Yao · Mar 19, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

• TARo: Token-level Adaptive Routing for LLM Test-time Alignment

  Arushi Rai, Qiang Zhang, Hanqing Zeng, Yunkai Zhang, Dipesh Tamboli · Mar 19, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Pairwise Preference

  Recent test-time alignment methods offer a lightweight alternative, but have been explored mainly for preference alignment rather than reasoning.

• Don't Pass@k: A Bayesian Framework for Large Language Model Evaluation

  Mohsen Hariri, Amirhossein Samandar, Michael Hinczewski, Vipin Chaudhary · Oct 5, 2025 · Citations: 0

  Rubric Rating Automatic MetricsSimulation Env

  We present a principled Bayesian evaluation framework that replaces Pass@k and average accuracy over N trials (avg@N) with posterior estimates of a model's underlying success probability and credible intervals, yielding stable rankings and…

• Inducing Epistemological Humility in Large Language Models: A Targeted SFT Approach to Reducing Hallucination

  Cem Uluoglakci, Tugba Taskaya Temizel · Mar 18, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Pairwise Preference

  We also release HypoTermQA-Enhanced, a benchmark for hallucination tendency strengthened through multiple validations.

• Learning When to Sample: Confidence-Aware Self-Consistency for Efficient LLM Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

  Juming Xiong, Kevin Guo, Congning Ni, Chao Yan, Katherine Brown · Mar 9, 2026 · Citations: 0

  Automatic Metrics

  Recent self-consistency-based approaches further improve accuracy but require sampling and aggregating multiple reasoning trajectories, leading to substantial additional computational overhead.

• Beyond Creed: A Non-Identity Safety Condition A Strong Empirical Alternative to Identity Framing in Low-Data LoRA Fine-Tuning

  Xinran Zhang · Mar 16, 2026 · Citations: 0

  How safety supervision is written may matter more than the explicit identity content it contains.

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