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SACRED: A Faithful Annotated Multimedia Multimodal Multilingual Dataset for Classifying Connectedness Types in Online Spirituality

Qinghao Guan, Yuchen Pan, Donghao Li, Zishi Zhang, Yiyang Chen, Lu Li, Flaminia Canu, Emilia Volkart, Gerold Schneider · Mar 28, 2026 · Citations: 0

Automatic Metrics
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How to use this page

Low trust

Use this as background context only. Do not make protocol decisions from this page alone.

Best use

Background context only

What to verify

Validate the evaluation procedure and quality controls in the full paper before operational use.

Evidence quality

Low

Derived from extracted protocol signals and abstract evidence.

Abstract

In religion and theology studies, spirituality has garnered significant research attention for the reason that it not only transcends culture but offers unique experience to each individual. However, social scientists often rely on limited datasets, which are basically unavailable online. In this study, we collaborated with social scientists to develop a high-quality multimedia multi-modal datasets, \textbf{SACRED}, in which the faithfulness of classification is guaranteed. Using \textbf{SACRED}, we evaluated the performance of 13 popular LLMs as well as traditional rule-based and fine-tuned approaches. The result suggests DeepSeek-V3 model performs well in classifying such abstract concepts (i.e., 79.19\% accuracy in the Quora test set), and the GPT-4o-mini model surpassed the other models in the vision tasks (63.99\% F1 score). Purportedly, this is the first annotated multi-modal dataset from online spirituality communication. Our study also found a new type of connectedness which is valuable for communication science studies.

Abstract-only analysis — low confidence

All signals on this page are inferred from the abstract only and may be inaccurate. Do not use this page as a primary protocol reference.

  • This paper looks adjacent to evaluation work, but not like a strong protocol reference.
  • The available metadata is too thin to trust this as a primary source.
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Should You Rely On This Paper?

This paper is adjacent to HFEPX scope and is best used for background context, not as a primary protocol reference.

Best use

Background context only

Use if you need

A secondary eval reference to pair with stronger protocol papers.

Main weakness

This paper looks adjacent to evaluation work, but not like a strong protocol reference.

Trust level

Low

Usefulness score

0/100 • Low

Treat as adjacent context, not a core eval-method reference.

Human Feedback Signal

Not explicit in abstract metadata

Evaluation Signal

Detected

Usefulness for eval research

Adjacent candidate

Extraction confidence 35%

If you are doing eval pipeline work, start here:

Human Eval Hub LLM-as-Judge Hub Pairwise Preference Hub Tool-Use Eval Hub

What We Could Verify

These are the protocol signals we could actually recover from the available paper metadata. Use them to decide whether this paper is worth deeper reading.

Human Feedback Types

missing

None explicit

No explicit feedback protocol extracted.

"In religion and theology studies, spirituality has garnered significant research attention for the reason that it not only transcends culture but offers unique experience to each individual."

Evaluation Modes

partial

Automatic Metrics

Includes extracted eval setup.

"In religion and theology studies, spirituality has garnered significant research attention for the reason that it not only transcends culture but offers unique experience to each individual."

Quality Controls

missing

Not reported

No explicit QC controls found.

"In religion and theology studies, spirituality has garnered significant research attention for the reason that it not only transcends culture but offers unique experience to each individual."

Benchmarks / Datasets

missing

Not extracted

No benchmark anchors detected.

"In religion and theology studies, spirituality has garnered significant research attention for the reason that it not only transcends culture but offers unique experience to each individual."

Reported Metrics

partial

Accuracy, F1, Faithfulness

Useful for evaluation criteria comparison.

"In this study, we collaborated with social scientists to develop a high-quality multimedia multi-modal datasets, \textbf{SACRED}, in which the faithfulness of classification is guaranteed."

Human Feedback Details

  • Uses human feedback: No
  • Feedback types: None
  • Rater population: Not reported
  • Expertise required: Multilingual

Evaluation Details

  • Evaluation modes: Automatic Metrics
  • Agentic eval: None
  • Quality controls: Not reported
  • Evidence quality: Low
  • Use this page as: Background context only

Protocol And Measurement Signals

Benchmarks / Datasets

No benchmark or dataset names were extracted from the available abstract.

Reported Metrics

accuracyf1faithfulness

Research Brief

Metadata summary

In religion and theology studies, spirituality has garnered significant research attention for the reason that it not only transcends culture but offers unique experience to each individual.

Based on abstract + metadata only. Check the source paper before making high-confidence protocol decisions.

Key Takeaways

  • In religion and theology studies, spirituality has garnered significant research attention for the reason that it not only transcends culture but offers unique experience to each individual.
  • However, social scientists often rely on limited datasets, which are basically unavailable online.
  • In this study, we collaborated with social scientists to develop a high-quality multimedia multi-modal datasets, \textbf{SACRED}, in which the faithfulness of classification is guaranteed.

Researcher Actions

  • Compare this paper against nearby papers in the same arXiv category before using it for protocol decisions.
  • Validate inferred eval signals (Automatic metrics) against the full paper.
  • Use related-paper links to find stronger protocol-specific references.

Caveats

  • Generated from abstract + metadata only; no PDF parsing.
  • Signals below are heuristic and may miss details reported outside the abstract.

Recommended Queries

Accuracy

Research Summary

Contribution Summary

  • The result suggests DeepSeek-V3 model performs well in classifying such abstract concepts (i.e., 79.19\% accuracy in the Quora test set), and the GPT-4o-mini model surpassed the other models in the vision tasks (63.99\% F1 score).

Why It Matters For Eval

  • Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

Researcher Checklist

  • Gap: Human feedback protocol is explicit

    No explicit human feedback protocol detected.

  • Pass: Evaluation mode is explicit

    Detected: Automatic Metrics

  • Gap: Quality control reporting appears

    No calibration/adjudication/IAA control explicitly detected.

  • Gap: Benchmark or dataset anchors are present

    No benchmark/dataset anchor extracted from abstract.

  • Pass: Metric reporting is present

    Detected: accuracy, f1, faithfulness

Related Papers

Papers are ranked by protocol overlap, extraction signal alignment, and semantic proximity.

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