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APEX-EM: Non-Parametric Online Learning for Autonomous Agents via Structured Procedural-Episodic Experience Replay

Pratyay Banerjee, Masud Moshtaghi, Ankit Chadha · Mar 31, 2026 · Citations: 0

Automatic Metrics
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How to use this page

Low trust

Use this as background context only. Do not make protocol decisions from this page alone.

Best use

Background context only

What to verify

Validate the evaluation procedure and quality controls in the full paper before operational use.

Evidence quality

Low

Derived from extracted protocol signals and abstract evidence.

Abstract

LLM-based autonomous agents lack persistent procedural memory: they re-derive solutions from scratch even when structurally identical tasks have been solved before. We present \textbf{APEX-EM}, a non-parametric online learning framework that accumulates, retrieves, and reuses structured procedural plans without modifying model weights. APEX-EM introduces: (1) a \emph{structured experience representation} encoding the full procedural-episodic trace of each execution -- planning steps, artifacts, iteration history with error analysis, and quality scores; (2) a \emph{Plan-Retrieve-Generate-Iterate-Ingest} (PRGII) workflow with Task Verifiers providing multi-dimensional reward signals; and (3) a \emph{dual-outcome Experience Memory} with hybrid retrieval combining semantic search, structural signature matching, and plan DAG traversal -- enabling cross-domain transfer between tasks sharing no lexical overlap but analogous operational structure. Successful experiences serve as positive in-context examples; failures as negative examples with structured error annotations. We evaluate on BigCodeBench~\cite{zhuo2025bigcodebench}, KGQAGen-10k~\cite{zhang2025kgqagen}, and Humanity's Last Exam~\cite{phan2025hle} using Claude Sonnet 4.5 and Opus 4.5. On KGQAGen-10k, APEX-EM achieves 89.6\% accuracy versus 41.3\% without memory (+48.3pp), surpassing the oracle-retrieval upper bound (84.9\%). On BigCodeBench, it reaches 83.3\% SR from a 53.9\% baseline (+29.4pp), exceeding MemRL's~\cite{memrl2025} +11.0pp gain under comparable frozen-backbone conditions (noting backbone differences controlled for in our analysis). On HLE, entity graph retrieval reaches 48.0\% from 25.2\% (+22.8pp). Ablations show component value is task-dependent: rich judge feedback is negligible for code generation but critical for structured queries (+10.3pp), while binary-signal iteration partially compensates for weaker feedback.

Abstract-only analysis — low confidence

All signals on this page are inferred from the abstract only and may be inaccurate. Do not use this page as a primary protocol reference.

  • This paper looks adjacent to evaluation work, but not like a strong protocol reference.
  • The available metadata is too thin to trust this as a primary source.
Human Eval Hub LLM-as-Judge Hub Pairwise Preference Hub

Should You Rely On This Paper?

This paper is adjacent to HFEPX scope and is best used for background context, not as a primary protocol reference.

Best use

Background context only

Use if you need

A benchmark-and-metrics comparison anchor.

Main weakness

This paper looks adjacent to evaluation work, but not like a strong protocol reference.

Trust level

Low

Usefulness score

5/100 • Low

Treat as adjacent context, not a core eval-method reference.

Human Feedback Signal

Not explicit in abstract metadata

Evaluation Signal

Detected

Usefulness for eval research

Adjacent candidate

Extraction confidence 45%

If you are doing eval pipeline work, start here:

Human Eval Hub LLM-as-Judge Hub Pairwise Preference Hub Tool-Use Eval Hub

What We Could Verify

These are the protocol signals we could actually recover from the available paper metadata. Use them to decide whether this paper is worth deeper reading.

Human Feedback Types

missing

None explicit

No explicit feedback protocol extracted.

"LLM-based autonomous agents lack persistent procedural memory: they re-derive solutions from scratch even when structurally identical tasks have been solved before."

Evaluation Modes

partial

Automatic Metrics

Includes extracted eval setup.

"LLM-based autonomous agents lack persistent procedural memory: they re-derive solutions from scratch even when structurally identical tasks have been solved before."

Quality Controls

missing

Not reported

No explicit QC controls found.

"LLM-based autonomous agents lack persistent procedural memory: they re-derive solutions from scratch even when structurally identical tasks have been solved before."

Benchmarks / Datasets

partial

HLE, Bigcodebench, Zhuo2025bigcodebench, Oracle Retrieval

Useful for quick benchmark comparison.

"We evaluate on BigCodeBench~\cite{zhuo2025bigcodebench}, KGQAGen-10k~\cite{zhang2025kgqagen}, and Humanity's Last Exam~\cite{phan2025hle} using Claude Sonnet 4.5 and Opus 4.5."

Reported Metrics

partial

Accuracy

Useful for evaluation criteria comparison.

"On KGQAGen-10k, APEX-EM achieves 89.6\% accuracy versus 41.3\% without memory (+48.3pp), surpassing the oracle-retrieval upper bound (84.9\%)."

Human Feedback Details

  • Uses human feedback: No
  • Feedback types: None
  • Rater population: Not reported
  • Expertise required: Coding

Evaluation Details

  • Evaluation modes: Automatic Metrics
  • Agentic eval: None
  • Quality controls: Not reported
  • Evidence quality: Low
  • Use this page as: Background context only

Protocol And Measurement Signals

Benchmarks / Datasets

HLEBigcodebenchZhuo2025bigcodebenchoracle-retrieval

Reported Metrics

accuracy

Research Brief

Metadata summary

LLM-based autonomous agents lack persistent procedural memory: they re-derive solutions from scratch even when structurally identical tasks have been solved before.

Based on abstract + metadata only. Check the source paper before making high-confidence protocol decisions.

Key Takeaways

  • LLM-based autonomous agents lack persistent procedural memory: they re-derive solutions from scratch even when structurally identical tasks have been solved before.
  • We present \textbf{APEX-EM}, a non-parametric online learning framework that accumulates, retrieves, and reuses structured procedural plans without modifying model weights.
  • APEX-EM introduces: (1) a \emph{structured experience representation} encoding the full procedural-episodic trace of each execution -- planning steps, artifacts, iteration history with error analysis, and quality scores; (2) a \emph{Plan-Retrieve-Generate-Iterate-Ingest} (PRGII) workflow with Task Verifiers providing multi-dimensional reward signals; and (3) a \emph{dual-outcome Experience Memory} with hybrid retrieval combining semantic search, structural signature matching, and plan DAG traversal -- enabling cross-domain transfer between tasks sharing no lexical overlap but analogous operational structure.

Researcher Actions

  • Compare this paper against nearby papers in the same arXiv category before using it for protocol decisions.
  • Validate inferred eval signals (Automatic metrics) against the full paper.
  • Use related-paper links to find stronger protocol-specific references.

Caveats

  • Generated from abstract + metadata only; no PDF parsing.
  • Signals below are heuristic and may miss details reported outside the abstract.

Recommended Queries

Accuracy

Research Summary

Contribution Summary

  • LLM-based autonomous agents lack persistent procedural memory: they re-derive solutions from scratch even when structurally identical tasks have been solved before.
  • We present APEX-EM, a non-parametric online learning framework that accumulates, retrieves, and reuses structured procedural plans without modifying model weights.
  • We evaluate on BigCodeBench~zhuo2025bigcodebench, KGQAGen-10k~zhang2025kgqagen, and Humanity's Last Exam~phan2025hle using Claude Sonnet 4.5 and Opus 4.5.

Why It Matters For Eval

  • LLM-based autonomous agents lack persistent procedural memory: they re-derive solutions from scratch even when structurally identical tasks have been solved before.
  • We evaluate on BigCodeBench~zhuo2025bigcodebench, KGQAGen-10k~zhang2025kgqagen, and Humanity's Last Exam~phan2025hle using Claude Sonnet 4.5 and Opus 4.5.

Researcher Checklist

  • Gap: Human feedback protocol is explicit

    No explicit human feedback protocol detected.

  • Pass: Evaluation mode is explicit

    Detected: Automatic Metrics

  • Gap: Quality control reporting appears

    No calibration/adjudication/IAA control explicitly detected.

  • Pass: Benchmark or dataset anchors are present

    Detected: HLE, Bigcodebench, Zhuo2025bigcodebench, oracle-retrieval

  • Pass: Metric reporting is present

    Detected: accuracy

Related Papers

Papers are ranked by protocol overlap, extraction signal alignment, and semantic proximity.

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