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Semantic Invariance in Agentic AI

I. de Zarzà, J. de Curtò, Jordi Cabot, Pietro Manzoni, Carlos T. Calafate · Mar 13, 2026 · Citations: 0

Automatic Metrics General Long Horizon Multi Agent
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How to use this page

Low trust

Use this as background context only. Do not make protocol decisions from this page alone.

Best use

Background context only

What to verify

Validate the evaluation procedure and quality controls in the full paper before operational use.

Evidence quality

Low

Derived from extracted protocol signals and abstract evidence.

Abstract

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as autonomous reasoning agents in decision support, scientific problem-solving, and multi-agent coordination systems. However, deploying LLM agents in consequential applications requires assurance that their reasoning remains stable under semantically equivalent input variations, a property we term semantic invariance. Standard benchmark evaluations, which assess accuracy on fixed, canonical problem formulations, fail to capture this critical reliability dimension. To address this shortcoming, in this paper we present a metamorphic testing framework for systematically assessing the robustness of LLM reasoning agents, applying eight semantic-preserving transformations (identity, paraphrase, fact reordering, expansion, contraction, academic context, business context, and contrastive formulation) across seven foundation models spanning four distinct architectural families: Hermes (70B, 405B), Qwen3 (30B-A3B, 235B-A22B), DeepSeek-R1, and gpt-oss (20B, 120B). Our evaluation encompasses 19 multi-step reasoning problems across eight scientific domains. The results reveal that model scale does not predict robustness: the smaller Qwen3-30B-A3B achieves the highest stability (79.6% invariant responses, semantic similarity 0.91), while larger models exhibit greater fragility.

Low-signal caution for protocol decisions

Use this page for context, then validate protocol choices against stronger HFEPX references before implementation decisions.

  • The available metadata is too thin to trust this as a primary source.
Human Eval Hub LLM-as-Judge Hub Pairwise Preference Hub

Should You Rely On This Paper?

This paper is adjacent to HFEPX scope and is best used for background context, not as a primary protocol reference.

Best use

Background context only

Use if you need

A secondary eval reference to pair with stronger protocol papers.

Main weakness

The available metadata is too thin to trust this as a primary source.

Trust level

Low

Usefulness score

25/100 • Low

Treat as adjacent context, not a core eval-method reference.

Human Feedback Signal

Not explicit in abstract metadata

Evaluation Signal

Detected

Usefulness for eval research

Adjacent candidate

Extraction confidence 45%

If you are doing eval pipeline work, start here:

Human Eval Hub LLM-as-Judge Hub Pairwise Preference Hub Tool-Use Eval Hub

What We Could Verify

These are the protocol signals we could actually recover from the available paper metadata. Use them to decide whether this paper is worth deeper reading.

Human Feedback Types

missing

None explicit

No explicit feedback protocol extracted.

"Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as autonomous reasoning agents in decision support, scientific problem-solving, and multi-agent coordination systems."

Evaluation Modes

partial

Automatic Metrics

Includes extracted eval setup.

"Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as autonomous reasoning agents in decision support, scientific problem-solving, and multi-agent coordination systems."

Quality Controls

missing

Not reported

No explicit QC controls found.

"Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as autonomous reasoning agents in decision support, scientific problem-solving, and multi-agent coordination systems."

Benchmarks / Datasets

missing

Not extracted

No benchmark anchors detected.

"Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as autonomous reasoning agents in decision support, scientific problem-solving, and multi-agent coordination systems."

Reported Metrics

partial

Accuracy

Useful for evaluation criteria comparison.

"Standard benchmark evaluations, which assess accuracy on fixed, canonical problem formulations, fail to capture this critical reliability dimension."

Human Feedback Details

  • Uses human feedback: No
  • Feedback types: None
  • Rater population: Not reported
  • Expertise required: General

Evaluation Details

  • Evaluation modes: Automatic Metrics
  • Agentic eval: Long Horizon, Multi Agent
  • Quality controls: Not reported
  • Evidence quality: Low
  • Use this page as: Background context only

Protocol And Measurement Signals

Benchmarks / Datasets

No benchmark or dataset names were extracted from the available abstract.

Reported Metrics

accuracy

Research Brief

Metadata summary

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as autonomous reasoning agents in decision support, scientific problem-solving, and multi-agent coordination systems.

Based on abstract + metadata only. Check the source paper before making high-confidence protocol decisions.

Key Takeaways

  • Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as autonomous reasoning agents in decision support, scientific problem-solving, and multi-agent coordination systems.
  • However, deploying LLM agents in consequential applications requires assurance that their reasoning remains stable under semantically equivalent input variations, a property we term semantic invariance.
  • Standard benchmark evaluations, which assess accuracy on fixed, canonical problem formulations, fail to capture this critical reliability dimension.

Researcher Actions

  • Compare this paper against nearby papers in the same arXiv category before using it for protocol decisions.
  • Validate inferred eval signals (Automatic metrics, Long-horizon tasks) against the full paper.
  • Use related-paper links to find stronger protocol-specific references.

Caveats

  • Generated from abstract + metadata only; no PDF parsing.
  • Signals below are heuristic and may miss details reported outside the abstract.

Recommended Queries

Accuracy

Research Summary

Contribution Summary

  • Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly serve as autonomous reasoning agents in decision support, scientific problem-solving, and multi-agent coordination systems.
  • Standard benchmark evaluations, which assess accuracy on fixed, canonical problem formulations, fail to capture this critical reliability dimension.
  • To address this shortcoming, in this paper we present a metamorphic testing framework for systematically assessing the robustness of LLM reasoning agents, applying eight semantic-preserving transformations (identity, paraphrase, fact…

Why It Matters For Eval

  • Standard benchmark evaluations, which assess accuracy on fixed, canonical problem formulations, fail to capture this critical reliability dimension.
  • To address this shortcoming, in this paper we present a metamorphic testing framework for systematically assessing the robustness of LLM reasoning agents, applying eight semantic-preserving transformations (identity, paraphrase, fact…

Researcher Checklist

  • Gap: Human feedback protocol is explicit

    No explicit human feedback protocol detected.

  • Pass: Evaluation mode is explicit

    Detected: Automatic Metrics

  • Gap: Quality control reporting appears

    No calibration/adjudication/IAA control explicitly detected.

  • Gap: Benchmark or dataset anchors are present

    No benchmark/dataset anchor extracted from abstract.

  • Pass: Metric reporting is present

    Detected: accuracy

Related Papers

Papers are ranked by protocol overlap, extraction signal alignment, and semantic proximity.

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