- Personalized RewardBench: Evaluating Reward Models with Human Aligned Personalization
Qiyao Ma, Dechen Gao, Rui Cai, Boqi Zhao, Hanchu Zhou · Apr 8, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise PreferenceRubric Rating Human EvalAutomatic Metrics
Pluralistic alignment has emerged as a critical frontier in the development of Large Language Models (LLMs), with reward models (RMs) serving as a central mechanism for capturing diverse human values.
- TraceSafe: A Systematic Assessment of LLM Guardrails on Multi-Step Tool-Calling Trajectories
Yen-Shan Chen, Sian-Yao Huang, Cheng-Lin Yang, Yun-Nung Chen · Apr 8, 2026 · Citations: 0
Red Team Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
As large language models (LLMs) evolve from static chatbots into autonomous agents, the primary vulnerability surface shifts from final outputs to intermediate execution traces.
- SODIUM: From Open Web Data to Queryable Databases
Chuxuan Hu, Philip Li, Maxwell Yang, Daniel Kang · Mar 19, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics Multi Agent
Existing systems struggle with SODIUM tasks: we evaluate 6 advanced AI agents on SODIUM-Bench, with the strongest baseline achieving only 46.5% accuracy.
- More Human, More Efficient: Aligning Annotations with Quantized SLMs
Jiayu Wang, Junyoung Lee · Apr 1, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
As Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities advance, the demand for high-quality annotation of exponentially increasing text corpora has outpaced human capacity, leading to the widespread adoption of LLMs in automatic evaluation and…
- Beyond Paper-to-Paper: Structured Profiling and Rubric Scoring for Paper-Reviewer Matching
Yicheng Pan, Zhiyuan Ning, Ludi Wang, Yi Du · Apr 7, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
To address this gap, we propose P2R, a training-free framework that shifts from implicit paper-to-paper matching to explicit profile-based matching.
- When AI Meets Early Childhood Education: Large Language Models as Assessment Teammates in Chinese Preschools
Xingming Li, Runke Huang, Yanan Bao, Yuye Jin, Yuru Jiao · Mar 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
In this paper, we investigate whether AI can serve as a scalable assessment teammate by extracting structured quality indicators and validating their alignment with human expert judgments.
- From Consensus to Split Decisions: ABC-Stratified Sentiment in Holocaust Oral Histories
Daban Q. Jaff · Mar 30, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
After assembling model outputs, we introduce an agreement-based stability taxonomy (ABC) to stratify inter-model output stability.
- Measuring Faithfulness Depends on How You Measure: Classifier Sensitivity in LLM Chain-of-Thought Evaluation
Richard J. Young · Mar 20, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Three classifiers (a regex-only detector, a regex-plus-LLM pipeline, and a Claude Sonnet 4 judge) are applied to 10,276 influenced reasoning traces from 12 open-weight models spanning 9 families and 7B to 1T parameters.
- HyperMem: Hypergraph Memory for Long-Term Conversations
Juwei Yue, Chuanrui Hu, Jiawei Sheng, Zuyi Zhou, Wenyuan Zhang · Apr 9, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics
Long-term memory is essential for conversational agents to maintain coherence, track persistent tasks, and provide personalized interactions across extended dialogues.
- Signals: Trajectory Sampling and Triage for Agentic Interactions
Shuguang Chen, Adil Hafeez, Salman Paracha · Apr 1, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
We propose a lightweight, signal-based framework for triaging agentic interaction trajectories.
- Learning When to Act: Interval-Aware Reinforcement Learning with Predictive Temporal Structure
Davide Di Gioia · Mar 23, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Autonomous agents operating in continuous environments must decide not only what to do, but when to act.
- Rethinking Atomic Decomposition for LLM Judges: A Prompt-Controlled Study of Reference-Grounded QA Evaluation
Xinran Zhang · Mar 30, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
Atomic decomposition -- breaking a candidate answer into claims before verifying each against a reference -- is a widely adopted design for LLM-based reference-grounded judges.
- Stabilizing Rubric Integration Training via Decoupled Advantage Normalization
Zelin Tan, Zhouliang Yu, Bohan Lin, Zijie Geng, Hejia Geng · Mar 27, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
We propose Process-Aware Policy Optimization (PAPO), a method that integrates process-level evaluation into Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) through decoupled advantage normalization, to address two limitations of existing reward…
- SemEval-2026 Task 6: CLARITY -- Unmasking Political Question Evasions
Konstantinos Thomas, Giorgos Filandrianos, Maria Lymperaiou, Chrysoula Zerva, Giorgos Stamou · Mar 14, 2026 · Citations: 0
Red Team Automatic Metrics
The benchmark is constructed from U.S.
- Beyond Rows to Reasoning: Agentic Retrieval for Multimodal Spreadsheet Understanding and Editing
Anmol Gulati, Sahil Sen, Waqar Sarguroh, Kevin Paul · Mar 6, 2026 · Citations: 0
Human EvalAutomatic Metrics Long Horizon
We introduce Beyond Rows to Reasoning (BRTR), a multimodal agentic framework for spreadsheet understanding that replaces single-pass retrieval with an iterative tool-calling loop, supporting end-to-end Excel workflows from complex analysis…
- ReasonScaffold: A Scaffolded Reasoning-based Annotation Protocol for Human-AI Co-Annotation
Smitha Muthya Sudheendra, Jaideep Srivastava · Mar 22, 2026 · Citations: 0
Critique Edit Automatic Metrics
We evaluate the approach on sentiment classification and opinion detection tasks, analyzing changes in inter-annotator agreement and revision behavior.
- Application-Driven Pedagogical Knowledge Optimization of Open-Source LLMs via Reinforcement Learning and Supervised Fine-Tuning
Navan Preet Singh, Xiaokun Wang, Anurag Garikipati, Madalina Ciobanu, Qingqing Mao · Apr 7, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
These models remarkably achieve high enough accuracy on the Cross-Domain Pedagogical Knowledge (CDPK) Benchmark to establish new state-of-the-art (SOTA) results across the interactive Pedagogy Benchmark Leaderboard and surpass significantly…
- Aligning Multimodal Sequential Recommendations via Robust Direct Preference Optimization with Sparse MoE
Hejin Huang, Jusheng Zhang, Kaitong Cai, Jian Wang, Rong Pan · Mar 31, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Preference-based alignment objectives have been widely adopted, from RLHF-style pairwise learning in large language models to emerging applications in recommender systems.
- CHiL(L)Grader: Calibrated Human-in-the-Loop Short-Answer Grading
Pranav Raikote, Korbinian Randl, Ioanna Miliou, Athanasios Lakes, Panagiotis Papapetrou · Mar 12, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
We introduce CHiL(L)Grader, the first automated grading framework that incorporates calibrated confidence estimation into a human-in-the-loop workflow.
- ClimateCheck 2026: Scientific Fact-Checking and Disinformation Narrative Classification of Climate-related Claims
Raia Abu Ahmad, Max Upravitelev, Aida Usmanova, Veronika Solopova, Georg Rehm · Mar 27, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
In addition to standard evaluation metrics (Recall@K and Binary Preference), we adapt an automated framework to assess retrieval quality under incomplete annotations, exposing systematic biases in how conventional metrics rank systems.
- DSPA: Dynamic SAE Steering for Data-Efficient Preference Alignment
James Wedgwood, Aashiq Muhamed, Mona T. Diab, Virginia Smith · Mar 23, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Preference alignment is usually achieved by weight-updating training on preference data, which adds substantial alignment-stage compute and provides limited mechanistic visibility.
- DeceptGuard :A Constitutional Oversight Framework For Detecting Deception in LLM Agents
Snehasis Mukhopadhyay · Mar 14, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic MetricsSimulation Env Long Horizon
We introduce DECEPTGUARD, a unified framework that systematically compares three monitoring regimes: black-box monitors (actions and outputs only), CoT-aware monitors (additionally observing the agent's chain-of-thought reasoning trace),…
- WebWeaver: Breaking Topology Confidentiality in LLM Multi-Agent Systems with Stealthy Context-Based Inference
Zixun Xiong, Gaoyi Wu, Lingfeng Yao, Miao Pan, Xiaojiang Du · Mar 11, 2026 · Citations: 0
Red Team Automatic Metrics Multi Agent
Communication topology is a critical factor in the utility and safety of LLM-based multi-agent systems (LLM-MAS), making it a high-value intellectual property (IP) whose confidentiality remains insufficiently studied.
- BEACON: Language-Conditioned Navigation Affordance Prediction under Occlusion
Xinyu Gao, Gang Chen, Javier Alonso-Mora · Mar 10, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic MetricsSimulation Env Web Browsing
As a result, they struggle to infer target locations in occluded regions, typically caused by furniture or moving humans.
- How Much LLM Does a Self-Revising Agent Actually Need?
Sungwoo Jung, Seonil Son · Apr 8, 2026 · Citations: 0
Critique Edit Automatic Metrics
Recent LLM-based agents often place world modeling, planning, and reflection inside a single language model loop.
- MMEmb-R1: Reasoning-Enhanced Multimodal Embedding with Pair-Aware Selection and Adaptive Control
Yuchi Wang, Haiyang Yu, Weikang Bian, Jiefeng Long, Xiao Liang · Apr 7, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Experiments on the MMEB-V2 benchmark demonstrate that our model achieves a score of 71.2 with only 4B parameters, establishing a new state-of-the-art while significantly reducing reasoning overhead and inference latency.
- Social Dynamics as Critical Vulnerabilities that Undermine Objective Decision-Making in LLM Collectives
Changgeon Ko, Jisu Shin, Hoyun Song, Huije Lee, Eui Jun Hwang · Apr 7, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic MetricsSimulation Env Multi Agent
Large language model (LLM) agents are increasingly acting as human delegates in multi-agent environments, where a representative agent integrates diverse peer perspectives to make a final decision.
- Optimizing RAG Rerankers with LLM Feedback via Reinforcement Learning
Yuhang Wu, Xiangqing Shen, Fanfan Wang, Cangqi Zhou, Zhen Wu · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
However, current reranking models are typically optimized on static human annotated relevance labels in isolation, decoupled from the downstream generation process.
- Preference learning in shades of gray: Interpretable and bias-aware reward modeling for human preferences
Simona-Vasilica Oprea, Adela Bâra · Apr 1, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Using the Anthropic HHRLHF dataset, we evaluate ten diverse large language models LLMs under a standard pairwise preference setting, where baseline performance remains below 0.74 ROC AUC, highlighting the difficulty of the task.
- MemRerank: Preference Memory for Personalized Product Reranking
Zhiyuan Peng, Xuyang Wu, Huaixiao Tou, Yi Fang, Yu Gong · Mar 31, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
LLM-based shopping agents increasingly rely on long purchase histories and multi-turn interactions for personalization, yet naively appending raw history to prompts is often ineffective due to noise, length, and relevance mismatch.
- Routing Sensitivity Without Controllability: A Diagnostic Study of Fairness in MoE Language Models
Junhyeok Lee, Kyu Sung Choi · Mar 28, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
FARE reveals that routing-level preference shifts are either unachievable (Mixtral, Qwen1.5, Qwen3), statistically non-robust (DeepSeekMoE), or accompanied by substantial utility cost (OLMoE, -4.4%p CrowS-Pairs at -6.3%p TQA).
- A Comparative Empirical Study of Catastrophic Forgetting Mitigation in Sequential Task Adaptation for Continual Natural Language Processing Systems
Aram Abrahamyan, Sachin Kumar · Mar 19, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Performance is assessed with average accuracy, macro F1, and backward transfer, capturing the stability-plasticity trade-off across the task sequence.
- Decision-Level Ordinal Modeling for Multimodal Essay Scoring with Large Language Models
Han Zhang, Jiamin Su, Li liu · Mar 16, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
Experiments on the multimodal EssayJudge dataset show that DLOM improves over a generation-based SFT baseline across scoring traits, and DLOM-GF yields further gains when modality relevance is heterogeneous.
- An Industrial-Scale Insurance LLM Achieving Verifiable Domain Mastery and Hallucination Control without Competence Trade-offs
Qian Zhu, Xinnan Guo, Jingjing Huo, Jun Li, Pan Liu · Mar 15, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert VerificationRlaif Or Synthetic Feedback Automatic Metrics
Additionally, we release INSEva, the most comprehensive insurance benchmark to date (39k+ samples).
- Mind the Shift: Decoding Monetary Policy Stance from FOMC Statements with Large Language Models
Yixuan Tang, Yi Yang · Mar 15, 2026 · Citations: 0
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Long Horizon
Across four LLM backbones, DCS consistently outperforms supervised probes and LLM-as-judge baselines, achieving up to 71.1% accuracy on sentence-level hawkish--dovish classification.
- Evaluation of LLMs in retrieving food and nutritional context for RAG systems
Maks Požarnik Vavken, Matevž Ogrinc, Tome Eftimov, Barbara Koroušić Seljak · Mar 10, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
In this article, we evaluate four Large Language Models (LLMs) and their effectiveness at retrieving data within a specialized Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system, using a comprehensive food composition database.
- LLM-as-a-Judge for Time Series Explanations
Preetham Sivalingam, Murari Mandal, Saurabh Deshpande, Dhruv Kumar · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics
Although modern models generate textual interpretations of numerical signals, existing evaluation methods are limited: reference based similarity metrics and consistency checking models require ground truth explanations, while traditional…
- MemMachine: A Ground-Truth-Preserving Memory System for Personalized AI Agents
Shu Wang, Edwin Yu, Oscar Love, Tom Zhang, Tom Wong · Apr 6, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Large Language Model (LLM) agents require persistent memory to maintain personalization, factual continuity, and long-horizon reasoning, yet standard context-window and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) pipelines degrade over…
- Brief Is Better: Non-Monotonic Chain-of-Thought Budget Effects in Function-Calling Language Agents
Xuan Qi · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Tool Use
Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning is widely assumed to improve agent performance, but the relationship between reasoning length and accuracy in structured tool-use settings remains poorly understood.
- OSCAR: Orchestrated Self-verification and Cross-path Refinement
Yash Shah, Abhijit Chakraborty, Naresh Kumar Devulapally, Vishnu Lokhande, Vivek Gupta · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
We introduce a suite of trajectory-level assessments, including a cross-chain divergence-at-hallucination (CDH) metric, for principled comparison of localization methods.
- Asymmetric Actor-Critic for Multi-turn LLM Agents
Shuli Jiang, Zhaoyang Zhang, Yi Zhang, Shuo Yang, Wei Xia · Mar 31, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
In many real-world applications, agents must succeed in one-shot settings where retries are impossible.
- EnterpriseLab: A Full-Stack Platform for developing and deploying agents in Enterprises
Ankush Agarwal, Harsh Vishwakarma, Suraj Nagaje, Chaitanya Devaguptapu · Mar 23, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Deploying AI agents in enterprise environments requires balancing capability with data sovereignty and cost constraints.
- Strengthening Human-Centric Chain-of-Thought Reasoning Integrity in LLMs via a Structured Prompt Framework
Jiling Zhou, Aisvarya Adeseye, Seppo Virtanen, Antti Hakkala, Jouni Isoaho · Apr 6, 2026 · Citations: 0
Human EvalAutomatic Metrics
However, its reliability in security-sensitive analytical tasks remains insufficiently examined, particularly under structured human evaluation.
- SEAL: An Open, Auditable, and Fair Data Generation Framework for AI-Native 6G Networks
Sunder Ali Khowaja, Kapal Dev, Engin Zeydan, Madhusanka Liyanage · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic MetricsSimulation Env
In this regard, we propose the Synthetic Data Generation with Ethics Audit Loop (SEAL) framework, which extends baseline modular pipelines with an Ethical and Regulatory Compliance by Design (ERCD) module and a Federated Learning (FL)…
- State-of-the-Art Arabic Language Modeling with Sparse MoE Fine-Tuning and Chain-of-Thought Distillation
Navan Preet Singh, Anurag Garikipati, Ahmed Abulkhair, Jyani Akshay Jagdishbhai, Atul Yaduvanshi · Apr 7, 2026 · Citations: 0
Demonstrations Automatic Metrics
Arabic-DeepSeek-R1 achieves the highest average score across the seven-benchmark OALL suite while establishing SOTA or near-SOTA, including dominant results on grammar-focused MadinahQA (surpassing both GPT-5.1 and the OALL leader by…
- ActionParty: Multi-Subject Action Binding in Generative Video Games
Alexander Pondaven, Ziyi Wu, Igor Gilitschenski, Philip Torr, Sergey Tulyakov · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic MetricsSimulation Env Multi Agent
However, these models are largely restricted to single-agent settings, failing to control multiple agents simultaneously in a scene.
- PLOT: Enhancing Preference Learning via Optimal Transport
Liang Zhu, Yuelin Bai, Xiankun Ren, Jiaxi Yang, Lei Zhang · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Preference learning in Large Language Models (LLMs) has advanced significantly, yet existing methods remain limited by modest performance gains, high computational costs, hyperparameter sensitivity, and insufficient modeling of global…
- ThinknCheck: Grounded Claim Verification with Compact, Reasoning-Driven, and Interpretable Models
Delip Rao, Feijiang Han, Chris Callison-Burch · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
By contrast, zero-shot chain-of-thought on the base Gemma3-1B harms accuracy relative to direct answers, and preference optimization with a simple format+accuracy reward underperforms supervised reasoning.
- Multi-Agent Dialectical Refinement for Enhanced Argument Classification
Jakub Bąba, Jarosław A. Chudziak · Mar 29, 2026 · Citations: 0
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Multi Agent
We introduce MAD-ACC (Multi-Agent Debate for Argument Component Classification), a framework that leverages dialectical refinement to resolve classification uncertainty.
- MolQuest: A Benchmark for Agentic Evaluation of Abductive Reasoning in Chemical Structure Elucidation
Taolin Han, Shuang Wu, Jinghang Wang, Yuhao Zhou, Renquan Lv · Mar 26, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic MetricsSimulation Env Long Horizon
Current scientific evaluation benchmarks predominantly rely on static, single-turn Question Answering (QA) formats, which are inadequate for measuring model performance in complex scientific tasks that require multi-step iteration and…
- OneSearch-V2: The Latent Reasoning Enhanced Self-distillation Generative Search Framework
Ben Chen, Siyuan Wang, Yufei Ma, Zihan Liang, Xuxin Zhang · Mar 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
However, its inadequate understanding of complex queries, inefficient exploitation of latent user intents, and overfitting to narrow historical preferences have limited its further performance improvement.
- BeliefShift: Benchmarking Temporal Belief Consistency and Opinion Drift in LLM Agents
Praveen Kumar Myakala, Manan Agrawal, Rahul Manche · Mar 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise PreferenceCritique Edit Automatic Metrics
LLMs are increasingly used as long-running conversational agents, yet every major benchmark evaluating their memory treats user information as static facts to be stored and retrieved.
- Mind over Space: Can Multimodal Large Language Models Mentally Navigate?
Qihui Zhu, Shouwei Ruan, Xiao Yang, Hao Jiang, Yao Huang · Mar 23, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic MetricsSimulation Env Web Browsing
Despite the widespread adoption of MLLMs in embodied agents, their capabilities remain largely confined to reactive planning from immediate observations, consistently failing in spatial reasoning across extensive spatiotemporal scales.
- Exposing Long-Tail Safety Failures in Large Language Models through Efficient Diverse Response Sampling
Suvadeep Hajra, Palash Nandi, Tanmoy Chakraborty · Mar 15, 2026 · Citations: 0
Red Team Automatic Metrics
While most red-teaming work emphasizes adversarial prompt search (input-space optimization), we show that safety failures can also be systematically exposed through diverse response generation (output-space exploration) for a fixed…
- LLMs Can Infer Political Alignment from Online Conversations
Byunghwee Lee, Sangyeon Kim, Filippo Menczer, Yong-Yeol Ahn, Haewoon Kwak · Mar 11, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Due to the correlational structure in our traits such as identities, cultures, and political attitudes, seemingly innocuous preferences such as following a band or using a specific slang, can reveal private traits.
- IH-Challenge: A Training Dataset to Improve Instruction Hierarchy on Frontier LLMs
Chuan Guo, Juan Felipe Ceron Uribe, Sicheng Zhu, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, Steph Lin · Mar 11, 2026 · Citations: 0
Red Team Automatic Metrics
IH is key to defending against jailbreaks, system prompt extractions, and agentic prompt injections.
- Can Safety Emerge from Weak Supervision? A Systematic Analysis of Small Language Models
Punyajoy Saha, Sudipta Halder, Debjyoti Mondal, Subhadarshi Panda · Mar 7, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise PreferenceRed Team Automatic Metrics
Safety alignment is critical for deploying large language models (LLMs) in real-world applications, yet most existing approaches rely on large human-annotated datasets and static red-teaming benchmarks that are costly, difficult to scale,…
- When Weak LLMs Speak with Confidence, Preference Alignment Gets Stronger
Amirabbas Afzali, Myeongho Jeon, Maria Brbic · Mar 5, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Building on this insight, we propose Confidence-Weighted Preference Optimization (CW-PO), a general framework that re-weights training samples by a weak LLM's confidence and can be applied across different preference optimization…
- LocalSUG: Geography-Aware LLM for Query Suggestion in Local-Life Services
Jinwen Chen, Shuai Gong, Shiwen Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Yachao Zhao · Mar 5, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
While LLMs offer strong semantic generalization, deploying them in local-life services introduces three key challenges: lack of geographic grounding, exposure bias in preference optimization, and online inference latency.
- Diff-KD: Diffusion-based Knowledge Distillation for Collaborative Perception under Corruptions
Pengcheng Lyu, Chaokun Zhang, Gong Chen, Tao Tang, Zhaoxiang Luo · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Multi Agent
Multi-agent collaborative perception enables autonomous systems to overcome individual sensing limits through collective intelligence.