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Detecting Toxic Language: Ontology and BERT-based Approaches for Bulgarian Text

Melania Berbatova, Tsvetoslav Vasev · Apr 2, 2026 · Citations: 0

Automatic Metrics
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How to use this page

Low trust

Use this as background context only. Do not make protocol decisions from this page alone.

Best use

Background context only

What to verify

Validate the evaluation procedure and quality controls in the full paper before operational use.

Evidence quality

Low

Derived from extracted protocol signals and abstract evidence.

Abstract

Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups. This paper presents a more nu-anced approach to identifying toxicity in Bulgarian text while preserving access to essential information. The research explores two distinct methodologies for detecting toxic content. The developed methodologies have po-tential applications across diverse online platforms and content moderation systems. First, we propose an ontology that models the potentially toxic words in Bulgarian language. Then, we compose a dataset that comprises 4,384 manually anno-tated sentences from Bulgarian online forums across four categories: toxic language, medical terminology, non-toxic lan-guage, and terms related to minority communities. We then train a BERT-based model for toxic language classification, which reaches a 0.89 F1 macro score. The trained model is directly applicable in a real environment and can be integrated as a com-ponent of toxic content detection systems.

Abstract-only analysis — low confidence

All signals on this page are inferred from the abstract only and may be inaccurate. Do not use this page as a primary protocol reference.

  • This paper looks adjacent to evaluation work, but not like a strong protocol reference.
  • The available metadata is too thin to trust this as a primary source.
Human Eval Hub LLM-as-Judge Hub Pairwise Preference Hub

Should You Rely On This Paper?

This paper is adjacent to HFEPX scope and is best used for background context, not as a primary protocol reference.

Best use

Background context only

Use if you need

A secondary eval reference to pair with stronger protocol papers.

Main weakness

This paper looks adjacent to evaluation work, but not like a strong protocol reference.

Trust level

Low

Usefulness score

0/100 • Low

Treat as adjacent context, not a core eval-method reference.

Human Feedback Signal

Not explicit in abstract metadata

Evaluation Signal

Detected

Usefulness for eval research

Adjacent candidate

Extraction confidence 35%

If you are doing eval pipeline work, start here:

Human Eval Hub LLM-as-Judge Hub Pairwise Preference Hub Tool-Use Eval Hub

What We Could Verify

These are the protocol signals we could actually recover from the available paper metadata. Use them to decide whether this paper is worth deeper reading.

Human Feedback Types

missing

None explicit

No explicit feedback protocol extracted.

"Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups."

Evaluation Modes

partial

Automatic Metrics

Includes extracted eval setup.

"Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups."

Quality Controls

missing

Not reported

No explicit QC controls found.

"Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups."

Benchmarks / Datasets

missing

Not extracted

No benchmark anchors detected.

"Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups."

Reported Metrics

partial

F1, F1 macro, Toxicity

Useful for evaluation criteria comparison.

"This paper presents a more nu-anced approach to identifying toxicity in Bulgarian text while preserving access to essential information."

Human Feedback Details

  • Uses human feedback: No
  • Feedback types: None
  • Rater population: Not reported
  • Expertise required: Medicine

Evaluation Details

  • Evaluation modes: Automatic Metrics
  • Agentic eval: None
  • Quality controls: Not reported
  • Evidence quality: Low
  • Use this page as: Background context only

Protocol And Measurement Signals

Benchmarks / Datasets

No benchmark or dataset names were extracted from the available abstract.

Reported Metrics

f1f1 macrotoxicity

Research Brief

Metadata summary

Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups.

Based on abstract + metadata only. Check the source paper before making high-confidence protocol decisions.

Key Takeaways

  • Toxic content detection in online communication remains a significant challenge, with current solutions often inadvertently blocking valuable information, including medical terms and text related to minority groups.
  • This paper presents a more nu-anced approach to identifying toxicity in Bulgarian text while preserving access to essential information.
  • The research explores two distinct methodologies for detecting toxic content.

Researcher Actions

  • Compare this paper against nearby papers in the same arXiv category before using it for protocol decisions.
  • Validate inferred eval signals (Automatic metrics, Simulation environment) against the full paper.
  • Use related-paper links to find stronger protocol-specific references.

Caveats

  • Generated from abstract + metadata only; no PDF parsing.
  • Signals below are heuristic and may miss details reported outside the abstract.

Recommended Queries

F1

Research Summary

Contribution Summary

  • First, we propose an ontology that models the potentially toxic words in Bulgarian language.
  • We then train a BERT-based model for toxic language classification, which reaches a 0.89 F1 macro score.

Why It Matters For Eval

  • Abstract shows limited direct human-feedback or evaluation-protocol detail; use as adjacent methodological context.

Researcher Checklist

  • Gap: Human feedback protocol is explicit

    No explicit human feedback protocol detected.

  • Pass: Evaluation mode is explicit

    Detected: Automatic Metrics

  • Gap: Quality control reporting appears

    No calibration/adjudication/IAA control explicitly detected.

  • Gap: Benchmark or dataset anchors are present

    No benchmark/dataset anchor extracted from abstract.

  • Pass: Metric reporting is present

    Detected: f1, f1 macro, toxicity

Related Papers

Papers are ranked by protocol overlap, extraction signal alignment, and semantic proximity.

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