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AMALIA Technical Report: A Fully Open Source Large Language Model for European Portuguese

Afonso Simplício, Gonçalo Vinagre, Miguel Moura Ramos, Diogo Tavares, Rafael Ferreira, Giuseppe Attanasio, Duarte M. Alves, Inês Calvo, Inês Vieira, Rui Guerra, James Furtado, Beatriz Canaverde, Iago Paulo, Vasco Ramos, Diogo Glória-Silva, Miguel Faria, Marcos Treviso, Daniel Gomes, Pedro Gomes, David Semedo, André Martins, João Magalhães · Mar 27, 2026 · Citations: 0

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Data freshness

Extraction: Fresh

Check recency before relying on this page for active eval decisions. Use stale pages as context and verify against current hub results.

Metadata refreshed

Mar 27, 2026, 3:22 PM

Recent

Extraction refreshed

Apr 10, 2026, 7:25 AM

Fresh

Extraction source

Persisted extraction

Confidence 0.15

Abstract

Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and cultural nuances. We introduce AMALIA, a fully open LLM that prioritizes pt-PT by using more high-quality pt-PT data during both the mid- and post-training stages. To evaluate pt-PT more faithfully, we release a suite of pt-PT benchmarks that includes translated standard tasks and four new datasets targeting pt-PT generation, linguistic competence, and pt-PT/pt-BR bias. Experiments show that AMALIA matches strong baselines on translated benchmarks while substantially improving performance on pt-PT-specific evaluations, supporting the case for targeted training and native benchmarking for European Portuguese.

Low-signal caution for protocol decisions

Use this page for context, then validate protocol choices against stronger HFEPX references before implementation decisions.

  • Extraction flags indicate low-signal or possible false-positive protocol mapping.
  • Extraction confidence is 0.15 (below strong-reference threshold).
  • No explicit evaluation mode was extracted from available metadata.
  • No benchmark/dataset or metric anchors were extracted.
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HFEPX Relevance Assessment

This paper is adjacent to HFEPX scope and is best used for background context, not as a primary protocol reference.

Best use

Background context only

Use if you need

Background context only.

Main weakness

Extraction flags indicate low-signal or possible false-positive protocol mapping.

Trust level

Low

Eval-Fit Score

0/100 • Low

Treat as adjacent context, not a core eval-method reference.

Human Feedback Signal

Not explicit in abstract metadata

Evaluation Signal

Weak / implicit signal

HFEPX Fit

Adjacent candidate

Extraction confidence: Low

If you are doing eval pipeline work, start here:

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Field Provenance & Confidence

Each key protocol field shows extraction state, confidence band, and data source so you can decide whether to trust it directly or validate from full text.

Human Feedback Types

missing

None explicit

Confidence: Low Source: Persisted extraction missing

No explicit feedback protocol extracted.

Evidence snippet: Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and cultural nuances.

Evaluation Modes

missing

None explicit

Confidence: Low Source: Persisted extraction missing

Validate eval design from full paper text.

Evidence snippet: Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and cultural nuances.

Quality Controls

missing

Not reported

Confidence: Low Source: Persisted extraction missing

No explicit QC controls found.

Evidence snippet: Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and cultural nuances.

Benchmarks / Datasets

missing

Not extracted

Confidence: Low Source: Persisted extraction missing

No benchmark anchors detected.

Evidence snippet: Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and cultural nuances.

Reported Metrics

missing

Not extracted

Confidence: Low Source: Persisted extraction missing

No metric anchors detected.

Evidence snippet: Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and cultural nuances.

Rater Population

missing

Unknown

Confidence: Low Source: Persisted extraction missing

Rater source not explicitly reported.

Evidence snippet: Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and cultural nuances.

Human Data Lens

  • Uses human feedback: No
  • Feedback types: None
  • Rater population: Unknown
  • Unit of annotation: Unknown
  • Expertise required: General
  • Extraction source: Persisted extraction

Evaluation Lens

  • Evaluation modes:
  • Agentic eval: None
  • Quality controls: Not reported
  • Confidence: 0.15
  • Flags: low_signal, possible_false_positive

Protocol And Measurement Signals

Benchmarks / Datasets

No benchmark or dataset names were extracted from the available abstract.

Reported Metrics

No metric terms were extracted from the available abstract.

Research Brief

Deterministic synthesis

Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and… HFEPX protocol signal is limited in abstract-level metadata, so treat it as adjacent context. Updated from current HFEPX corpus.

Generated Apr 10, 2026, 7:25 AM · Grounded in abstract + metadata only

Key Takeaways

  • Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with…
  • We introduce AMALIA, a fully open LLM that prioritizes pt-PT by using more high-quality pt-PT data during both the mid- and post-training stages.

Researcher Actions

  • Treat this as method context, then pivot to protocol-specific HFEPX hubs.
  • Identify benchmark choices from full text before operationalizing conclusions.
  • Verify metric definitions before comparing against your eval pipeline.

Caveats

  • Generated from title, abstract, and extracted metadata only; full-paper implementation details are not parsed.
  • Low-signal flag detected: protocol relevance may be indirect.

Research Summary

Contribution Summary

  • Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and…
  • We introduce AMALIA, a fully open LLM that prioritizes pt-PT by using more high-quality pt-PT data during both the mid- and post-training stages.
  • To evaluate pt-PT more faithfully, we release a suite of pt-PT benchmarks that includes translated standard tasks and four new datasets targeting pt-PT generation, linguistic competence, and pt-PT/pt-BR bias.

Why It Matters For Eval

  • Despite rapid progress in open large language models (LLMs), European Portuguese (pt-PT) remains underrepresented in both training data and native evaluation, with machine-translated benchmarks likely missing the variant's linguistic and…
  • To evaluate pt-PT more faithfully, we release a suite of pt-PT benchmarks that includes translated standard tasks and four new datasets targeting pt-PT generation, linguistic competence, and pt-PT/pt-BR bias.

Researcher Checklist

  • Gap: Human feedback protocol is explicit

    No explicit human feedback protocol detected.

  • Gap: Evaluation mode is explicit

    No clear evaluation mode extracted.

  • Gap: Quality control reporting appears

    No calibration/adjudication/IAA control explicitly detected.

  • Gap: Benchmark or dataset anchors are present

    No benchmark/dataset anchor extracted from abstract.

  • Gap: Metric reporting is present

    No metric terms extracted.

Category-Adjacent Papers (Broader Context)

These papers are nearby in arXiv category and useful for broader context, but not necessarily protocol-matched to this paper.

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