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HFEPX · Eval paper review

Inducing Epistemological Humility in Large Language Models: A Targeted SFT Approach to Reducing Hallucination

Cem Uluoglakci, Tugba Taskaya Temizel

Published

Mar 18, 2026

Citations

0

Trust level

Moderate

Usefulness score

50/100 (Medium)

Extraction confidence

55% (Moderate)

Derived from extracted protocol signals and abstract evidence.

Rater population

Not reported

Signals refreshed

Mar 18, 2026

Should you rely on this paper?

This paper has useful evaluation signal, but protocol completeness is partial; pair it with related papers before deciding implementation strategy.

Use this for comparison and orientation, not as your only source.

Best use

Secondary protocol comparison source

Use if you need

Background context only.

What to verify

Validate the evaluation procedure and quality controls in the full paper before operational use.

Main weakness

The abstract does not clearly describe the evaluation setup.

Human feedback signal
Detected
From extracted signals
Evaluation signal
Weak or implicit
Validate from full paper
Usefulness for eval research
50/100
Moderate-confidence candidate

Useful as a secondary reference; validate protocol details against neighboring papers.

Abstract

Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, producing fluent but false information, partly because supervised fine-tuning (SFT) implicitly rewards always responding. We introduce $\textit{HypoTermInstruct}$, an SFT dataset (31,487 responses for 11,151 questions) designed to teach models epistemological humility-the ability to recognize the limits of their own knowledge and admit uncertainty. This is achieved through questions about non-existent "hypothetical" terms. We also release $\textit{HypoTermQA-Enhanced}$, a benchmark for hallucination tendency strengthened through multiple validations. We conducted 800 controlled LoRA SFT runs across $\textit{Llama3.1-8B}$ and $\textit{Gemma3-4B}$ (base and instruct), testing 100 fine-tuning configurations with paired controls. Our results demonstrate that replacing generic instruction data with $\textit{HypoTermInstruct}$ significantly improves the HypoTerm Score (median increases of 0.19% to 25.91%) and FactScore (+0.39% to +0.86%), while maintaining stable performance on MMLU (minimal decreases of 0.26% to 0.35%). Our work demonstrates that targeted, high-quality SFT data teaching meta-cognitive skills can effectively reduce hallucination without preference/RL pipelines, providing mechanistic insights and a practical path toward more reliable AI systems.

What we could verify

These are the protocol signals we could actually recover from the available paper metadata. Use them to decide whether this paper is worth deeper reading.

Human Feedback Types

strong

Pairwise Preference

Directly usable for protocol triage.

"Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, producing fluent but false information, partly because supervised fine-tuning (SFT) implicitly rewards always responding."

Evaluation Modes

missing

None explicit

Validate eval design from full paper text.

"Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, producing fluent but false information, partly because supervised fine-tuning (SFT) implicitly rewards always responding."

Quality Controls

missing

Not reported

No explicit QC controls found.

"Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, producing fluent but false information, partly because supervised fine-tuning (SFT) implicitly rewards always responding."

Benchmarks / Datasets

strong

MMLU

Useful for quick benchmark comparison.

"Our results demonstrate that replacing generic instruction data with $\textit{HypoTermInstruct}$ significantly improves the HypoTerm Score (median increases of 0.19% to 25.91%) and FactScore (+0.39% to +0.86%), while maintaining stable performance on MMLU (minimal decreases of 0.26% to 0.35%)."

Reported Metrics

missing

Not extracted

No metric anchors detected.

"Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, producing fluent but false information, partly because supervised fine-tuning (SFT) implicitly rewards always responding."

Benchmarks and datasets

MMLU

Reported metrics

No metric terms were extracted from the available abstract.

Human feedback details
Uses human feedback
Yes
Feedback types
Pairwise Preference
Rater population
Not reported
Expertise required
General
Evaluation details
Evaluation modes
None
Agentic eval
None
Quality controls
Not reported
Evidence quality
Moderate
Use this page as
Secondary protocol comparison source

Research brief

Metadata summary

Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, producing fluent but false information, partly because supervised fine-tuning (SFT) implicitly rewards always responding.

Based on abstract + metadata only. Check the source paper before making high-confidence protocol decisions.

Key takeaways

  • Large language models (LLMs) often hallucinate, producing fluent but false information, partly because supervised fine-tuning (SFT) implicitly rewards always responding.
  • We introduce $\textit{HypoTermInstruct}$, an SFT dataset (31,487 responses for 11,151 questions) designed to teach models epistemological humility-the ability to recognize the limits of their own knowledge and admit uncertainty.
  • This is achieved through questions about non-existent "hypothetical" terms.

Researcher actions

  • Compare this paper against others mentioning MMLU.
  • Check the full text for explicit evaluation design choices (raters, protocol, and metrics).
  • Use related-paper links to find stronger protocol-specific references.

Caveats

  • Generated from abstract + metadata only; no PDF parsing.
  • Signals below are heuristic and may miss details reported outside the abstract.

Contribution summary

  • We introduce HypoTermInstruct, an SFT dataset (31,487 responses for 11,151 questions) designed to teach models epistemological humility-the ability to recognize the limits of their own knowledge and admit uncertainty.
  • We also release HypoTermQA-Enhanced, a benchmark for hallucination tendency strengthened through multiple validations.
  • Our work demonstrates that targeted, high-quality SFT data teaching meta-cognitive skills can effectively reduce hallucination without preference/RL pipelines, providing mechanistic insights and a practical path toward more reliable AI…

Why it matters for eval

  • We also release HypoTermQA-Enhanced, a benchmark for hallucination tendency strengthened through multiple validations.
  • Our work demonstrates that targeted, high-quality SFT data teaching meta-cognitive skills can effectively reduce hallucination without preference/RL pipelines, providing mechanistic insights and a practical path toward more reliable AI…

Researcher checklist

  • Human feedback protocol is explicit

    Detected: Pairwise Preference

  • Evaluation mode is explicit

    No clear evaluation mode extracted.

  • Quality control reporting appears

    No calibration/adjudication/IAA control explicitly detected.

  • Benchmark or dataset anchors are present

    Detected: MMLU

  • Metric reporting is present

    No metric terms extracted.