Skip to content
OpenTrain AIFor AI Companies

HFEPX · Eval paper review

Generating and Evaluating Sustainable Procurement Criteria for the Swiss Public Sector using In-Context Prompting with Large Language Models

Yingqiang Gao, Veton Matoshi, Luca Rolshoven, Tilia Ellendorff +4 more

Published

Mar 23, 2026

Citations

0

Trust level

Moderate

Usefulness score

50/100 (Medium)

Extraction confidence

55% (Moderate)

Derived from extracted protocol signals and abstract evidence.

Rater population

Domain Experts

Signals refreshed

Mar 23, 2026

Should you rely on this paper?

This paper has useful evaluation signal, but protocol completeness is partial; pair it with related papers before deciding implementation strategy.

Use this for comparison and orientation, not as your only source.

Best use

Secondary protocol comparison source

Use if you need

A concrete protocol example with enough signal to inform rater workflow design.

What to verify

Read the full paper before copying any benchmark, metric, or protocol choices.

Main weakness

The abstract does not clearly describe the evaluation setup.

Human feedback signal
Detected
From extracted signals
Evaluation signal
Weak or implicit
Validate from full paper
Usefulness for eval research
50/100
Moderate-confidence candidate

Useful as a secondary reference; validate protocol details against neighboring papers.

Abstract

Public procurement refers to the process by which public sector institutions, such as governments, municipalities, and publicly funded bodies, acquire goods and services. Swiss law requires the integration of ecological, social, and economic sustainability requirements into tender evaluations in the format of criteria that have to be fulfilled by a bidder. However, translating high-level sustainability regulations into concrete, verifiable, and sector-specific procurement criteria (such as selection criteria, award criteria, and technical specifications) remains a labor-intensive and error-prone manual task, requiring substantial domain expertise in several groups of goods and services and considerable manual effort. This paper presents a configurable, LLM-assisted pipeline that is presented as a software supporting the systematic generation and evaluation of sustainability-oriented procurement criteria catalogs for Switzerland. The system integrates in-context prompting, interchangeable LLM backends, and automated output validation to enable auditable criteria generation across different procurement sectors. As a proof of concept, we instantiate the pipeline using official sustainability guidelines published by the Swiss government and the European Commission, which are ingested as structured reference documents. We evaluate the system through a combination of automated quality checks, including an LLM-based evaluation component, and expert comparison against a manually curated gold standard. Our results demonstrate that the proposed pipeline can substantially reduce manual drafting effort while producing criteria catalogs that are consistent with official guidelines. We further discuss system limitations, failure modes, and design trade-offs observed during deployment, highlighting key considerations for integrating generative AI into public sector software workflows.

What we could verify

These are the protocol signals we could actually recover from the available paper metadata. Use them to decide whether this paper is worth deeper reading.

Human Feedback Types

strong

Expert Verification

Directly usable for protocol triage.

"Public procurement refers to the process by which public sector institutions, such as governments, municipalities, and publicly funded bodies, acquire goods and services."

Evaluation Modes

missing

None explicit

Validate eval design from full paper text.

"Public procurement refers to the process by which public sector institutions, such as governments, municipalities, and publicly funded bodies, acquire goods and services."

Quality Controls

strong

Gold Questions

Calibration/adjudication style controls detected.

"Public procurement refers to the process by which public sector institutions, such as governments, municipalities, and publicly funded bodies, acquire goods and services."

Benchmarks / Datasets

missing

Not extracted

No benchmark anchors detected.

"Public procurement refers to the process by which public sector institutions, such as governments, municipalities, and publicly funded bodies, acquire goods and services."

Reported Metrics

missing

Not extracted

No metric anchors detected.

"Public procurement refers to the process by which public sector institutions, such as governments, municipalities, and publicly funded bodies, acquire goods and services."

Rater Population

strong

Domain Experts

Helpful for staffing comparability.

"However, translating high-level sustainability regulations into concrete, verifiable, and sector-specific procurement criteria (such as selection criteria, award criteria, and technical specifications) remains a labor-intensive and error-prone manual task, requiring substantial domain expertise in several groups of goods and services and considerable manual effort."

Benchmarks and datasets

No benchmark or dataset names were extracted from the available abstract.

Reported metrics

No metric terms were extracted from the available abstract.

Human feedback details
Uses human feedback
Yes
Feedback types
Expert Verification
Rater population
Domain Experts
Expertise required
Math
Evaluation details
Evaluation modes
None
Agentic eval
None
Quality controls
Gold Questions
Evidence quality
Moderate
Use this page as
Secondary protocol comparison source

Research brief

Metadata summary

Public procurement refers to the process by which public sector institutions, such as governments, municipalities, and publicly funded bodies, acquire goods and services.

Based on abstract + metadata only. Check the source paper before making high-confidence protocol decisions.

Key takeaways

  • Public procurement refers to the process by which public sector institutions, such as governments, municipalities, and publicly funded bodies, acquire goods and services.
  • Swiss law requires the integration of ecological, social, and economic sustainability requirements into tender evaluations in the format of criteria that have to be fulfilled by a bidder.
  • However, translating high-level sustainability regulations into concrete, verifiable, and sector-specific procurement criteria (such as selection criteria, award criteria, and technical specifications) remains a labor-intensive and error-prone manual task, requiring substantial domain expertise in several groups of goods and services and considerable manual effort.

Researcher actions

  • Compare this paper against nearby papers in the same arXiv category before using it for protocol decisions.
  • Check the full text for explicit evaluation design choices (raters, protocol, and metrics).
  • Use related-paper links to find stronger protocol-specific references.

Caveats

  • Generated from abstract + metadata only; no PDF parsing.
  • Signals below are heuristic and may miss details reported outside the abstract.

Contribution summary

  • Swiss law requires the integration of ecological, social, and economic sustainability requirements into tender evaluations in the format of criteria that have to be fulfilled by a bidder.
  • This paper presents a configurable, LLM-assisted pipeline that is presented as a software supporting the systematic generation and evaluation of sustainability-oriented procurement criteria catalogs for Switzerland.
  • We evaluate the system through a combination of automated quality checks, including an LLM-based evaluation component, and expert comparison against a manually curated gold standard.

Why it matters for eval

  • Swiss law requires the integration of ecological, social, and economic sustainability requirements into tender evaluations in the format of criteria that have to be fulfilled by a bidder.
  • We evaluate the system through a combination of automated quality checks, including an LLM-based evaluation component, and expert comparison against a manually curated gold standard.

Researcher checklist

  • Human feedback protocol is explicit

    Detected: Expert Verification

  • Evaluation mode is explicit

    No clear evaluation mode extracted.

  • Quality control reporting appears

    Detected: Gold Questions

  • Benchmark or dataset anchors are present

    No benchmark/dataset anchor extracted from abstract.

  • Metric reporting is present

    No metric terms extracted.