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Multi-Method Validation of Large Language Model Medical Translation Across High- and Low-Resource Languages

Chukwuebuka Anyaegbuna, Eduardo Juan Perez Guerrero, Jerry Liu, Timothy Keyes, April Liang, Natasha Steele, Stephen Ma, Jonathan Chen, Kevin Schulman · Mar 23, 2026 · Citations: 0

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How to use this page

Provisional trust

This page is a lightweight research summary built from the abstract and metadata while deeper extraction catches up.

Best use

Background context only

What to verify

Read the full paper before copying any benchmark, metric, or protocol choices.

Evidence quality

Provisional

Derived from abstract and metadata only.

Abstract

Language barriers affect 27.3 million U.S. residents with non-English language preference, yet professional medical translation remains costly and often unavailable. We evaluated four frontier large language models (GPT-5.1, Claude Opus 4.5, Gemini 3 Pro, Kimi K2) translating 22 medical documents into 8 languages spanning high-resource (Spanish, Chinese, Russian, Vietnamese), medium-resource (Korean, Arabic), and low-resource (Tagalog, Haitian Creole) categories using a five-layer validation framework. Across 704 translation pairs, all models achieved high semantic preservation (LaBSE greater than 0.92), with no significant difference between high- and low-resource languages (p = 0.066). Cross-model back-translation confirmed results were not driven by same-model circularity (delta = -0.0009). Inter-model concordance across four independently trained models was high (LaBSE: 0.946), and lexical borrowing analysis showed no correlation between English term retention and fidelity scores in low-resource languages (rho = +0.018, p = 0.82). These converging results suggest frontier LLMs preserve medical meaning across resource levels, with implications for language access in healthcare.

Abstract-only analysis — low confidence

All signals on this page are inferred from the abstract only and may be inaccurate. Do not use this page as a primary protocol reference.

  • This page is still relying on abstract and metadata signals, not a fuller protocol read.
Human Eval Hub LLM-as-Judge Hub Pairwise Preference Hub

Should You Rely On This Paper?

Signal extraction is still processing. This page currently shows metadata-first guidance until structured protocol fields are ready.

Best use

Background context only

Use if you need

A provisional background reference while structured extraction finishes.

Main weakness

This page is still relying on abstract and metadata signals, not a fuller protocol read.

Trust level

Provisional

Usefulness score

Unavailable

Eval-fit score is unavailable until extraction completes.

Human Feedback Signal

Not explicit in abstract metadata

Evaluation Signal

Weak / implicit signal

Usefulness for eval research

Provisional (processing)

Extraction confidence 0%

If you are doing eval pipeline work, start here:

Human Eval Hub LLM-as-Judge Hub Pairwise Preference Hub Tool-Use Eval Hub

What We Could Verify

These are the protocol signals we could actually recover from the available paper metadata. Use them to decide whether this paper is worth deeper reading.

Human Feedback Types

provisional (inferred)

Pairwise preference

Directly usable for protocol triage.

"Language barriers affect 27.3 million U.S."

Evaluation Modes

provisional (inferred)

None explicit

Validate eval design from full paper text.

"Language barriers affect 27.3 million U.S."

Quality Controls

provisional (inferred)

Not reported

No explicit QC controls found.

"Language barriers affect 27.3 million U.S."

Benchmarks / Datasets

provisional (inferred)

Not extracted

No benchmark anchors detected.

"Language barriers affect 27.3 million U.S."

Reported Metrics

provisional (inferred)

Not extracted

No metric anchors detected.

"Language barriers affect 27.3 million U.S."

Rater Population

provisional (inferred)

Unknown

Rater source not explicitly reported.

"Language barriers affect 27.3 million U.S."

Human Feedback Details

This page is using abstract-level cues only right now. Treat the signals below as provisional.

  • Potential human-data signal: Pairwise preference
  • Potential benchmark anchors: No benchmark names detected in abstract.
  • Abstract highlights: 3 key sentence(s) extracted below.

Evaluation Details

Evaluation fields are inferred from the abstract only.

  • Potential evaluation modes: No explicit eval keywords detected.
  • Potential metric signals: No metric keywords detected.
  • Confidence: Provisional (metadata-only fallback).

Research Brief

Metadata summary

Language barriers affect 27.3 million U.S.

Based on abstract + metadata only. Check the source paper before making high-confidence protocol decisions.

Key Takeaways

  • Language barriers affect 27.3 million U.S.
  • residents with non-English language preference, yet professional medical translation remains costly and often unavailable.
  • We evaluated four frontier large language models (GPT-5.1, Claude Opus 4.5, Gemini 3 Pro, Kimi K2) translating 22 medical documents into 8 languages spanning high-resource (Spanish, Chinese, Russian, Vietnamese), medium-resource (Korean, Arabic), and low-resource (Tagalog, Haitian Creole) categories using a five-layer validation framework.

Researcher Actions

  • Compare this paper against nearby papers in the same arXiv category before using it for protocol decisions.
  • Check the full text for explicit evaluation design choices (raters, protocol, and metrics).
  • Use related-paper links to find stronger protocol-specific references.

Caveats

  • Generated from abstract + metadata only; no PDF parsing.
  • Signals below are heuristic and may miss details reported outside the abstract.

Related Papers

Papers are ranked by protocol overlap, extraction signal alignment, and semantic proximity.

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