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HFEPX · Eval paper review

Learning to Program Retrievals: Composing Search Primitives via Reinforcement Learning

Kyuyoung Kim, Zilin Xiao, Zhiyuan Wang, Avinash Atreya +3 more

Published

Oct 17, 2026

Citations

0

Trust level

Low

Usefulness score

25/100 (Low)

Extraction confidence

45% (Low)

Derived from extracted protocol signals and abstract evidence.

Rater population

Not reported

Signals refreshed

Oct 17, 2026

Should you rely on this paper?

This paper is adjacent to HFEPX scope and is best used for background context, not as a primary protocol reference.

Use this as background context only. Do not make protocol decisions from this page alone.

Best use

Background context only

Use if you need

A secondary eval reference to pair with stronger protocol papers.

What to verify

Validate the evaluation procedure and quality controls in the full paper before operational use.

Main weakness

The available metadata is too thin to trust this as a primary source.

Human feedback signal
Not explicit
Not explicit in abstract metadata
Evaluation signal
Detected
Eval setup described
Usefulness for eval research
25/100
Adjacent candidate

Treat as adjacent context, not a core eval-method reference.

Abstract

Retrieval-augmented language models increasingly use multi-step search to solve knowledge-intensive tasks, yet existing systems typically expose retrieval through fixed pipelines or collections of atomic tools. We introduce Retrieval Program Learning (RPL), a programmable search framework that allows a policy to compose search primitives into executable programs with local state and control flow. This enables adaptive search that can retrieve broadly, process intermediate results, and selectively construct model context without tying retrieval breadth to context consumption. However, the resulting flexibility creates a difficult exploration problem: useful programs may require several coordinated decisions, while reinforcement learning often supplies only sparse feedback. To address this challenge, we propose program mutation, a grammar-constrained and execution-verified procedure that generates local variants of suboptimal programs sampled during RL, converts them into training trajectories, and distills them back into the policy. We evaluate RPL on open-domain question answering and corpus-level reasoning tasks, comparing it with a range of retrieval and reasoning baselines. RPL consistently improves open-domain QA performance across model sizes and in- and out-of-domain benchmarks, with particularly large gains on multi-hop tasks. Notably, a 4B model trained with RPL outperforms all 8B model baselines. On corpus-level reasoning, RPL achieves the highest answer F1 and document-coverage F1 for both model sizes while substantially reducing context consumption and retrieval turns. Our results show that programmable search expands the retrieval strategies that agents can learn, while program mutation provides an effective mechanism for exploring useful program structures beyond direct on-policy sampling.

What we could verify

These are the protocol signals we could actually recover from the available paper metadata. Use them to decide whether this paper is worth deeper reading.

Human Feedback Types

missing

None explicit

No explicit feedback protocol extracted.

"Retrieval-augmented language models increasingly use multi-step search to solve knowledge-intensive tasks, yet existing systems typically expose retrieval through fixed pipelines or collections of atomic tools."

Evaluation Modes

partial

Automatic Metrics

Includes extracted eval setup.

"Retrieval-augmented language models increasingly use multi-step search to solve knowledge-intensive tasks, yet existing systems typically expose retrieval through fixed pipelines or collections of atomic tools."

Quality Controls

missing

Not reported

No explicit QC controls found.

"Retrieval-augmented language models increasingly use multi-step search to solve knowledge-intensive tasks, yet existing systems typically expose retrieval through fixed pipelines or collections of atomic tools."

Benchmarks / Datasets

missing

Not extracted

No benchmark anchors detected.

"Retrieval-augmented language models increasingly use multi-step search to solve knowledge-intensive tasks, yet existing systems typically expose retrieval through fixed pipelines or collections of atomic tools."

Reported Metrics

partial

F1

Useful for evaluation criteria comparison.

"Retrieval-augmented language models increasingly use multi-step search to solve knowledge-intensive tasks, yet existing systems typically expose retrieval through fixed pipelines or collections of atomic tools."

Benchmarks and datasets

No benchmark or dataset names were extracted from the available abstract.

Reported metrics

f1
Human feedback details
Uses human feedback
No
Feedback types
None
Rater population
Not reported
Expertise required
General
Evaluation details
Evaluation modes
Automatic Metrics
Agentic eval
Long Horizon
Quality controls
Not reported
Evidence quality
Low
Use this page as
Background context only

Research brief

Metadata summary

Retrieval-augmented language models increasingly use multi-step search to solve knowledge-intensive tasks, yet existing systems typically expose retrieval through fixed pipelines or collections of atomic tools.

Based on abstract + metadata only. Check the source paper before making high-confidence protocol decisions.

Key takeaways

  • Retrieval-augmented language models increasingly use multi-step search to solve knowledge-intensive tasks, yet existing systems typically expose retrieval through fixed pipelines or collections of atomic tools.
  • We introduce Retrieval Program Learning (RPL), a programmable search framework that allows a policy to compose search primitives into executable programs with local state and control flow.
  • This enables adaptive search that can retrieve broadly, process intermediate results, and selectively construct model context without tying retrieval breadth to context consumption.

Researcher actions

  • Compare this paper against nearby papers in the same arXiv category before using it for protocol decisions.
  • Validate inferred eval signals (Automatic metrics, Long-horizon tasks) against the full paper.
  • Use related-paper links to find stronger protocol-specific references.

Caveats

  • Generated from abstract + metadata only; no PDF parsing.
  • Signals below are heuristic and may miss details reported outside the abstract.

Recommended queries

Contribution summary

  • We introduce Retrieval Program Learning (RPL), a programmable search framework that allows a policy to compose search primitives into executable programs with local state and control flow.
  • To address this challenge, we propose program mutation, a grammar-constrained and execution-verified procedure that generates local variants of suboptimal programs sampled during RL, converts them into training trajectories, and distills…
  • We evaluate RPL on open-domain question answering and corpus-level reasoning tasks, comparing it with a range of retrieval and reasoning baselines.

Why it matters for eval

  • RPL consistently improves open-domain QA performance across model sizes and in- and out-of-domain benchmarks, with particularly large gains on multi-hop tasks.
  • Our results show that programmable search expands the retrieval strategies that agents can learn, while program mutation provides an effective mechanism for exploring useful program structures beyond direct on-policy sampling.

Researcher checklist

  • Human feedback protocol is explicit

    No explicit human feedback protocol detected.

  • Evaluation mode is explicit

    Detected: Automatic Metrics

  • Quality control reporting appears

    No calibration/adjudication/IAA control explicitly detected.

  • Benchmark or dataset anchors are present

    No benchmark/dataset anchor extracted from abstract.

  • Metric reporting is present

    Detected: f1