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MLLM-Routed Heterogeneous Ensembles for Robust Cross-Dataset Image Classification

Daniel Perkins, John Squires, Janou Milligan, Chandra Raskoti, Linda Ungerboeck · Aug 13, 2026 · Citations: 0

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How to use this page

Low trust

Use this as background context only. Do not make protocol decisions from this page alone.

Best use

Background context only

What to verify

Read the full paper before copying any benchmark, metric, or protocol choices.

Evidence quality

Low

Derived from extracted protocol signals and abstract evidence.

Abstract

Modern image classification models excel when trained on single task-specific datasets but often struggle to generalize across domains and difficulty levels. We propose ARMDIL, an Adaptive Router for Multi-Domain Image classification with LLMs. ARMDIL is an ensemble that uses a multimodal large language model (MLLM) agent to dynamically route each image to the most suitable vision backbone. Our diverse ensemble employs convolutional neural networks (ResNets), self-supervised representation learners (SSL), and vision-language models (VLMs), each trained on a unified label space constructed from multiple image datasets with differing distributions and characteristics. Empirical evaluations illuminate the distinct capabilities and vulnerabilities of each architecture across disparate visual domains. Crucially, we show that ARMDIL effectively navigates these trade-offs, performing competitively with specialized training-based routers. Furthermore, it drastically improves adaptability by allowing new information to be integrated via simple prompt modifications, while enhancing interpretability through natural language reasoning traces. These advances in cross-dataset image classification pave the way for more reliable general-purpose vision systems such as AI assistants and autonomous robots.

Abstract-only analysis — low confidence

All signals on this page are inferred from the abstract only and may be inaccurate. Do not use this page as a primary protocol reference.

  • This paper looks adjacent to evaluation work, but not like a strong protocol reference.
  • The available metadata is too thin to trust this as a primary source.
  • The abstract does not clearly describe the evaluation setup.
  • The abstract does not clearly name benchmarks or metrics.
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Should You Rely On This Paper?

This paper is adjacent to HFEPX scope and is best used for background context, not as a primary protocol reference.

Best use

Background context only

Use if you need

Background context only.

Main weakness

This paper looks adjacent to evaluation work, but not like a strong protocol reference.

Trust level

Low

Usefulness score

0/100 • Low

Treat as adjacent context, not a core eval-method reference.

Human Feedback Signal

Not explicit in abstract metadata

Evaluation Signal

Weak / implicit signal

Usefulness for eval research

Adjacent candidate

Extraction confidence 15%

If you are doing eval pipeline work, start here:

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What We Could Verify

These are the protocol signals we could actually recover from the available paper metadata. Use them to decide whether this paper is worth deeper reading.

Human Feedback Types

missing

None explicit

No explicit feedback protocol extracted.

"Modern image classification models excel when trained on single task-specific datasets but often struggle to generalize across domains and difficulty levels."

Evaluation Modes

missing

None explicit

Validate eval design from full paper text.

"Modern image classification models excel when trained on single task-specific datasets but often struggle to generalize across domains and difficulty levels."

Quality Controls

missing

Not reported

No explicit QC controls found.

"Modern image classification models excel when trained on single task-specific datasets but often struggle to generalize across domains and difficulty levels."

Benchmarks / Datasets

missing

Not extracted

No benchmark anchors detected.

"Modern image classification models excel when trained on single task-specific datasets but often struggle to generalize across domains and difficulty levels."

Reported Metrics

missing

Not extracted

No metric anchors detected.

"Modern image classification models excel when trained on single task-specific datasets but often struggle to generalize across domains and difficulty levels."

Human Feedback Details

  • Uses human feedback: No
  • Feedback types: None
  • Rater population: Not reported
  • Expertise required: General

Evaluation Details

  • Evaluation modes:
  • Agentic eval: None
  • Quality controls: Not reported
  • Evidence quality: Low
  • Use this page as: Background context only

Protocol And Measurement Signals

Benchmarks / Datasets

No benchmark or dataset names were extracted from the available abstract.

Reported Metrics

No metric terms were extracted from the available abstract.

Research Brief

Metadata summary

Modern image classification models excel when trained on single task-specific datasets but often struggle to generalize across domains and difficulty levels.

Based on abstract + metadata only. Check the source paper before making high-confidence protocol decisions.

Key Takeaways

  • Modern image classification models excel when trained on single task-specific datasets but often struggle to generalize across domains and difficulty levels.
  • We propose ARMDIL, an Adaptive Router for Multi-Domain Image classification with LLMs.
  • ARMDIL is an ensemble that uses a multimodal large language model (MLLM) agent to dynamically route each image to the most suitable vision backbone.

Researcher Actions

  • Compare this paper against nearby papers in the same arXiv category before using it for protocol decisions.
  • Check the full text for explicit evaluation design choices (raters, protocol, and metrics).
  • Use related-paper links to find stronger protocol-specific references.

Caveats

  • Generated from abstract + metadata only; no PDF parsing.
  • Signals below are heuristic and may miss details reported outside the abstract.

Recommended Queries

Research Summary

Contribution Summary

  • We propose ARMDIL, an Adaptive Router for Multi-Domain Image classification with LLMs.
  • ARMDIL is an ensemble that uses a multimodal large language model (MLLM) agent to dynamically route each image to the most suitable vision backbone.
  • Crucially, we show that ARMDIL effectively navigates these trade-offs, performing competitively with specialized training-based routers.

Why It Matters For Eval

  • ARMDIL is an ensemble that uses a multimodal large language model (MLLM) agent to dynamically route each image to the most suitable vision backbone.
  • Empirical evaluations illuminate the distinct capabilities and vulnerabilities of each architecture across disparate visual domains.

Researcher Checklist

  • Gap: Human feedback protocol is explicit

    No explicit human feedback protocol detected.

  • Gap: Evaluation mode is explicit

    No clear evaluation mode extracted.

  • Gap: Quality control reporting appears

    No calibration/adjudication/IAA control explicitly detected.

  • Gap: Benchmark or dataset anchors are present

    No benchmark/dataset anchor extracted from abstract.

  • Gap: Metric reporting is present

    No metric terms extracted.

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