- HLE-Verified: A Systematic Verification and Structured Revision of Humanity's Last Exam
Weiqi Zhai, Zhihai Wang, Jinghang Wang, Boyu Yang, Xiaogang Li · Feb 15, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert VerificationCritique Edit Automatic Metrics
Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) has become a widely used benchmark for evaluating frontier large language models on challenging, multi-domain questions.
- SCOPE: Selective Conformal Optimized Pairwise LLM Judging
Sher Badshah, Ali Emami, Hassan Sajjad · Feb 13, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as judges to replace costly human preference labels in pairwise evaluation.
- An artificial intelligence framework for end-to-end rare disease phenotyping from clinical notes using large language models
Cathy Shyr, Yan Hu, Rory J. Tinker, Thomas A. Cassini, Kevin W. Byram · Feb 23, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
Existing artificial intelligence approaches typically optimize individual components of phenotyping but do not operationalize the full clinical workflow of extracting features from clinical text, standardizing them to Human Phenotype…
- SparkMe: Adaptive Semi-Structured Interviewing for Qualitative Insight Discovery
David Anugraha, Vishakh Padmakumar, Diyi Yang · Feb 24, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics Multi Agent
Based on this formulation, we introduce SparkMe, a multi-agent LLM interviewer that performs deliberative planning via simulated conversation rollouts to select questions with high expected utility.
- Decoupling Strategy and Execution in Task-Focused Dialogue via Goal-Oriented Preference Optimization
Jingyi Xu, Xingyu Ren, Zhoupeng Shou, Yumeng Zhang, Zhiqiang You · Jan 24, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
To address this, we propose Goal-Oriented Preference Optimization (GOPO), a hierarchical reinforcement learning framework that decouples strategy planning from response generation via an Expert Agent and a Customer Service Agent.
- APEX-Agents
Bertie Vidgen, Austin Mann, Abby Fennelly, John Wright Stanly, Lucas Rothman · Jan 20, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric RatingExpert Verification Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
We introduce the AI Productivity Index for Agents (APEX-Agents), a benchmark for assessing whether AI agents can execute long-horizon, cross-application tasks created by investment banking analysts, management consultants, and corporate…
- Document Reconstruction Unlocks Scalable Long-Context RLVR
Yao Xiao, Lei Wang, Yue Deng, Guanzheng Chen, Ziqi Jin · Feb 9, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
However, it often relies on gold-standard answers or explicit evaluation rubrics provided by powerful teacher models or human experts, which are costly and time-consuming.
- MemoryArena: Benchmarking Agent Memory in Interdependent Multi-Session Agentic Tasks
Zexue He, Yu Wang, Churan Zhi, Yuanzhe Hu, Tzu-Ping Chen · Feb 18, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics Web Browsing
Existing evaluations of agents with memory typically assess memorization and action in isolation.
- Modeling Expert AI Diagnostic Alignment via Immutable Inference Snapshots
Dimitrios P. Panagoulias, Evangelia-Aikaterini Tsichrintzi, Georgios Savvidis, Evridiki Tsoureli-Nikita · Feb 26, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
Human-in-the-loop validation is essential in safety-critical clinical AI, yet the transition between initial model inference and expert correction is rarely analyzed as a structured signal.
- Personalized Prediction of Perceived Message Effectiveness Using Large Language Model Based Digital Twins
Jasmin Han, Janardan Devkota, Joseph Waring, Amanda Luken, Felix Naughton · Feb 23, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
Model performance was assessed on three held-out messages per participant using accuracy, Cohen's kappa, and F1.
- Yor-Sarc: A gold-standard dataset for sarcasm detection in a low-resource African language
Toheeb Aduramomi Jimoh, Tabea De Wille, Nikola S. Nikolov · Feb 21, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
This protocol incorporates context-sensitive interpretation and community-informed guidelines and is accompanied by a comprehensive analysis of inter-annotator agreement to support replication in other African languages.
- Duel-Evolve: Reward-Free Test-Time Scaling via LLM Self-Preferences
Sweta Karlekar, Carolina Zheng, Magnus Saebo, Nicolas Beltran-Velez, Shuyang Yu · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Building on this observation, we introduce Duel-Evolve, an evolutionary optimization algorithm that replaces external scalar rewards with pairwise preferences elicited from the same LLM used to generate candidates.
- BrowseComp-$V^3$: A Visual, Vertical, and Verifiable Benchmark for Multimodal Browsing Agents
Huanyao Zhang, Jiepeng Zhou, Bo Li, Bowen Zhou, Yanzhe Shan · Feb 13, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic MetricsSimulation Env Web Browsing
Multimodal large language models (MLLMs), equipped with increasingly advanced planning and tool-use capabilities, are evolving into autonomous agents capable of performing multimodal web browsing and deep search in open-world environments.
- Same Words, Different Judgments: Modality Effects on Preference Alignment
Aaron Broukhim, Nadir Weibel, Eshin Jolly · Feb 26, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise PreferenceRlaif Or Synthetic Feedback Automatic Metrics
Preference-based reinforcement learning (PbRL) is the dominant framework for aligning AI systems to human preferences, but its application to speech remains underexplored.
- Multi-Objective Alignment of Language Models for Personalized Psychotherapy
Mehrab Beikzadeh, Yasaman Asadollah Salmanpour, Ashima Suvarna, Sriram Sankararaman, Matteo Malgaroli · Feb 17, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise PreferenceExpert Verification Automatic Metrics
While AI systems show therapeutic promise, current alignment approaches optimize objectives independently, failing to balance patient preferences with clinical safety.
- Can Large Language Models Replace Human Coders? Introducing ContentBench
Michael Haman · Feb 23, 2026 · Citations: 0
Critique Edit Automatic Metrics
This paper introduces ContentBench, a public benchmark suite that helps answer this replacement question by tracking how much agreement low-cost LLMs achieve and what they cost on the same interpretive coding tasks.
- Modeling Distinct Human Interaction in Web Agents
Faria Huq, Zora Zhiruo Wang, Zhanqiu Guo, Venu Arvind Arangarajan, Tianyue Ou · Feb 19, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics Web Browsing
In this work, we introduce the task of modeling human intervention to support collaborative web task execution.
- PrivAct: Internalizing Contextual Privacy Preservation via Multi-Agent Preference Training
Yuhan Cheng, Hancheng Ye, Hai Helen Li, Jingwei Sun, Yiran Chen · Feb 14, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics Multi Agent
We propose PrivAct, a contextual privacy-aware multi-agent learning framework that internalizes contextual privacy preservation directly into models' generation behavior for privacy-compliant agentic actions.
- CUICurate: A GraphRAG-based Framework for Automated Clinical Concept Curation for NLP applications
Victoria Blake, Mathew Miller, Jamie Novak, Sze-yuan Ooi, Blanca Gallego · Feb 20, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
The framework was evaluated on five lexically heterogeneous clinical concepts against a manually curated benchmark and gold-standard concept sets.
- MEDSYN: Benchmarking Multi-EviDence SYNthesis in Complex Clinical Cases for Multimodal Large Language Models
Boqi Chen, Xudong Liu, Jiachuan Peng, Marianne Frey-Marti, Bang Zheng · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have shown great potential in medical applications, yet existing benchmarks inadequately capture real-world clinical complexity.
- SurGo-R1: Benchmarking and Modeling Contextual Reasoning for Operative Zone in Surgical Video
Guanyi Qin, Xiaozhen Wang, Zhu Zhuo, Chang Han Low, Yuancan Xiao · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
Existing AI systems offer binary safety verification or static detection, ignoring the phase-dependent nature of intraoperative reasoning.
- RuCL: Stratified Rubric-Based Curriculum Learning for Multimodal Large Language Model Reasoning
Yukun Chen, Jiaming Li, Longze Chen, Ze Gong, Jingpeng Li · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Rubric Rating Automatic Metrics
Extensive experiments on various visual reasoning benchmarks show that RuCL yields a remarkable +7.83% average improvement over the Qwen2.5-VL-7B model, achieving a state-of-the-art accuracy of 60.06%.
- An Expert Schema for Evaluating Large Language Model Errors in Scholarly Question-Answering Systems
Anna Martin-Boyle, William Humphreys, Martha Brown, Cara Leckey, Harmanpreet Kaur · Feb 24, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
Current evaluation metrics for testing LLM reliability are primarily automated approaches that prioritize efficiency and scalability, but lack contextual nuance and fail to reflect how scientific domain experts assess LLM outputs in…
- CAMEL: Confidence-Gated Reflection for Reward Modeling
Zirui Zhu, Hailun Xu, Yang Luo, Yong Liu, Kanchan Sarkar · Feb 24, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise PreferenceCritique Edit Automatic Metrics
Building on this insight, we propose CAMEL, a confidence-gated reflection framework that performs a lightweight single-token preference decision first and selectively invokes reflection only for low-confidence instances.
- What Makes a Good Doctor Response? An Analysis on a Romanian Telemedicine Platform
Adrian Cosma, Cosmin Dumitrache, Emilian Radoi · Feb 19, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
As platforms increasingly rely on patient ratings and feedback, clinicians face growing pressure to maintain satisfaction scores, even though these evaluations often reflect communication quality more than clinical accuracy.
- LM-Lexicon: Improving Definition Modeling via Harmonizing Semantic Experts
Yang Liu, Jiaye Yang, Weikang Li, Jiahui Liang, Yang Li · Feb 15, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
By decomposing the definition modeling task into specialized semantic domains, where small language models are trained as domain experts, LM-Lexicon achieves substantial improvements (+7% BLEU score compared with the prior state-of-the-art…
- PMG: Parameterized Motion Generator for Human-like Locomotion Control
Chenxi Han, Yuheng Min, Zihao Huang, Ao Hong, Hang Liu · Feb 13, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Recent advances in data-driven reinforcement learning and motion tracking have substantially improved humanoid locomotion, yet critical practical challenges remain.
- AMA-Bench: Evaluating Long-Horizon Memory for Agentic Applications
Yujie Zhao, Boqin Yuan, Junbo Huang, Haocheng Yuan, Zhongming Yu · Feb 26, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
To bridge this gap, we introduce AMA-Bench (Agent Memory with Any length), which evaluates long-horizon memory for LLMs in real agentic applications.
- SWE-Protégé: Learning to Selectively Collaborate With an Expert Unlocks Small Language Models as Software Engineering Agents
Patrick Tser Jern Kon, Archana Pradeep, Ang Chen, Alexander P. Ellis, Warren Hunt · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Our approach combines supervised fine-tuning on expert-augmented trajectories with agentic reinforcement learning that explicitly discourages degenerative looping and unproductive expert collaboration.
- D-COT: Disciplined Chain-of-Thought Learning for Efficient Reasoning in Small Language Models
Shunsuke Ubukata · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
In this study, we propose Disciplined Chain-of-Thought (D-CoT), a novel framework that enforces a structured reasoning process using control tags -- such as <TEMP_LOW> for fact-checking and <TEMP_HIGH> for multi-perspective exploration --…
- Structurally Aligned Subtask-Level Memory for Software Engineering Agents
Kangning Shen, Jingyuan Zhang, Chenxi Sun, Wencong Zeng, Yang Yue · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential as autonomous software engineering (SWE) agents.
- ChartEditBench: Evaluating Grounded Multi-Turn Chart Editing in Multimodal Language Models
Manav Nitin Kapadnis, Lawanya Baghel, Atharva Naik, Carolyn Rosé · Feb 17, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
In practice, users iteratively refine visualizations through multi-turn interactions that require maintaining common ground, tracking prior edits, and adapting to evolving preferences.
- Obscure but Effective: Classical Chinese Jailbreak Prompt Optimization via Bio-Inspired Search
Xun Huang, Simeng Qin, Xiaoshuang Jia, Ranjie Duan, Huanqian Yan · Feb 26, 2026 · Citations: 0
Red Team Automatic Metrics
Owing to its conciseness and obscurity, classical Chinese can partially bypass existing safety constraints, exposing notable vulnerabilities in LLMs.
- RLHFless: Serverless Computing for Efficient RLHF
Rui Wei, Hanfei Yu, Shubham Jain, Yogarajan Sivakumar, Devesh Tiwari · Feb 26, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has been widely applied to Large Language Model (LLM) post-training to align model outputs with human preferences.
- DynamicGTR: Leveraging Graph Topology Representation Preferences to Boost VLM Capabilities on Graph QAs
Yanbin Wei, Jiangyue Yan, Chun Kang, Yang Chen, Hua Liu · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
This ``one-size-fits-all'' strategy often neglects model-specific and task-specific preferences, resulting in inaccurate or over-lengthy responses to graph-related queries.
- MANATEE: Inference-Time Lightweight Diffusion Based Safety Defense for LLMs
Chun Yan Ryan Kan, Tommy Tran, Vedant Yadav, Ava Cai, Kevin Zhu · Feb 21, 2026 · Citations: 0
Red Team Automatic Metrics
We propose MANATEE, an inference-time defense that uses density estimation over a benign representation manifold.
- FENCE: A Financial and Multimodal Jailbreak Detection Dataset
Mirae Kim, Seonghun Jeong, Youngjun Kwak · Feb 20, 2026 · Citations: 0
Red Team Automatic Metrics
A baseline detector trained on FENCE achieves 99 percent in-distribution accuracy and maintains strong performance on external benchmarks, underscoring the dataset's robustness for training reliable detection models.
- The Emergence of Lab-Driven Alignment Signatures: A Psychometric Framework for Auditing Latent Bias and Compounding Risk in Generative AI
Dusan Bosnjakovic · Feb 19, 2026 · Citations: 0
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Multi Agent
As Large Language Models (LLMs) transition from standalone chat interfaces to foundational reasoning layers in multi-agent systems and recursive evaluation loops (LLM-as-a-judge), the detection of durable, provider-level behavioral…
- Orchestration-Free Customer Service Automation: A Privacy-Preserving and Flowchart-Guided Framework
Mengze Hong, Chen Jason Zhang, Zichang Guo, Hanlin Gu, Di Jiang · Feb 17, 2026 · Citations: 0
Demonstrations Automatic Metrics
Existing approaches either rely on modular system designs with extensive agent orchestration or employ over-simplified instruction schemas, providing limited guidance and poor generalizability.
- Bridging the Multilingual Safety Divide: Efficient, Culturally-Aware Alignment for Global South Languages
Somnath Banerjee, Rima Hazra, Animesh Mukherjee · Feb 14, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Yet safety pipelines, benchmarks, and alignment still largely target English and a handful of high-resource languages, implicitly assuming safety and factuality ''transfer'' across languages.
- CCCaption: Dual-Reward Reinforcement Learning for Complete and Correct Image Captioning
Zhijiang Tang, Linhua Wang, Jiaxin Qi, Weihao Jiang, Peng Hou · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Image captioning remains a fundamental task for vision language understanding, yet ground-truth supervision still relies predominantly on human-annotated references.
- "Are You Sure?": An Empirical Study of Human Perception Vulnerability in LLM-Driven Agentic Systems
Xinfeng Li, Shenyu Dai, Kelong Zheng, Yue Xiao, Gelei Deng · Feb 24, 2026 · Citations: 0
Expert Verification Automatic Metrics
Large language model (LLM) agents are rapidly becoming trusted copilots in high-stakes domains like software development and healthcare.
- Rethinking Metrics for Lexical Semantic Change Detection
Roksana Goworek, Haim Dubossarsky · Feb 17, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
Lexical semantic change detection (LSCD) increasingly relies on contextualised language model embeddings, yet most approaches still quantify change using a small set of semantic change metrics, primarily Average Pairwise Distance (APD) and
- Investigation for Relative Voice Impression Estimation
Kenichi Fujita, Yusuke Ijima · Feb 15, 2026 · Citations: 0
Pairwise Preference Automatic Metrics
The estimation target is a low-dimensional vector derived from subjective evaluations, quantifying the perceptual shift of the second utterance relative to the first along an antonymic axis (e.g., ``Dark--Bright'').
- Search More, Think Less: Rethinking Long-Horizon Agentic Search for Efficiency and Generalization
Qianben Chen, Tianrui Qin, King Zhu, Qiexiang Wang, Chengjun Yu · Feb 26, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Recent deep research agents primarily improve performance by scaling reasoning depth, but this leads to high inference cost and latency in search-intensive scenarios.
- Confidence-Driven Multi-Scale Model Selection for Cost-Efficient Inference
Bo-Wei Chen, Chung-Chi Chen, An-Zi Yen · Feb 25, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Tool Use
Experiments on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (MMLU) benchmark show that our approach achieves accuracy comparable to the largest model while reducing computational costs by 20\% to 40\%.
- BankMathBench: A Benchmark for Numerical Reasoning in Banking Scenarios
Yunseung Lee, Subin Kim, Youngjun Kwak, Jaegul Choo · Feb 19, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
However, such errors have rarely been captured by existing benchmarks.
- The Sufficiency-Conciseness Trade-off in LLM Self-Explanation from an Information Bottleneck Perspective
Ali Zahedzadeh, Behnam Bahrak · Feb 15, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Building on the information bottleneck principle, we conceptualize explanations as compressed representations that retain only the information essential for producing correct answers.To operationalize this view, we introduce an evaluation…
- Zooming without Zooming: Region-to-Image Distillation for Fine-Grained Multimodal Perception
Lai Wei, Liangbo He, Jun Lan, Lingzhong Dong, Yutong Cai · Feb 12, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Tool Use
To address this, we propose Region-to-Image Distillation, which transforms zooming from an inference-time tool into a training-time primitive, thereby internalizing the benefits of agentic zooming into a single forward pass of an MLLM.
- AceGRPO: Adaptive Curriculum Enhanced Group Relative Policy Optimization for Autonomous Machine Learning Engineering
Yuzhu Cai, Zexi Liu, Xinyu Zhu, Cheng Wang, Siheng Chen · Feb 8, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Autonomous Machine Learning Engineering (MLE) requires agents to perform sustained, iterative optimization over long horizons.
- Gradient Regularization Prevents Reward Hacking in Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback and Verifiable Rewards
Johannes Ackermann, Michael Noukhovitch, Takashi Ishida, Masashi Sugiyama · Feb 20, 2026 · Citations: 0
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics
Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) or Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) are two key steps in the post-training of modern Language Models (LMs).
- CARE: An Explainable Computational Framework for Assessing Client-Perceived Therapeutic Alliance Using Large Language Models
Anqi Li, Chenxiao Wang, Yu Lu, Renjun Xu, Lizhi Ma · Feb 24, 2026 · Citations: 0
Human EvalAutomatic Metrics
Experiments show that CARE outperforms leading LLMs and substantially reduces the gap between counselor evaluations and client-perceived alliance, achieving over 70% higher Pearson correlation with client ratings.
- Vichara: Appellate Judgment Prediction and Explanation for the Indian Judicial System
Pavithra PM Nair, Preethu Rose Anish · Feb 20, 2026 · Citations: 0
Human EvalAutomatic Metrics
Vichara surpasses existing judgment prediction benchmarks on both datasets, with GPT-4o mini achieving the highest performance (F1: 81.5 on PredEx, 80.3 on ILDC_expert), followed by Llama-3.1-8B.
- KBVQ-MoE: KLT-guided SVD with Bias-Corrected Vector Quantization for MoE Large Language Models
Zukang Xu, Zhixiong Zhao, Xing Hu, Zhixuan Chen, Dawei Yang · Jan 30, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic MetricsSimulation Env
Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have achieved great success by significantly improving performance while maintaining computational efficiency through sparse expert activation.
- Test-Time Scaling with Diffusion Language Models via Reward-Guided Stitching
Roy Miles, Aysim Toker, Andreea-Maria Oncescu, Songcen Xu, Jiankang Deng · Feb 26, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
This modular pipeline separates exploration (diffusion) from evaluation and solution synthesis, avoiding monolithic unified hybrids while preserving broad search.
- GATES: Self-Distillation under Privileged Context with Consensus Gating
Alex Stein, Furong Huang, Tom Goldstein · Feb 24, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Held-out in-domain accuracy under asymmetric evaluation improves from 46.0\% to 62.0\%, and average (maj@8) accuracy on public document-free math benchmarks improves from 20.2\% to 35.4\%.
- Continuous Telemonitoring of Heart Failure using Personalised Speech Dynamics
Yue Pan, Xingyao Wang, Hanyue Zhang, Liwei Liu, Changxin Li · Feb 23, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
The model's high sensitivity was further corroborated by additional follow-up data, confirming its efficacy in predicting HF deterioration and its potential to secure patient safety in remote, home-based settings.
- Evaluating Chain-of-Thought Reasoning through Reusability and Verifiability
Shashank Aggarwal, Ram Vikas Mishra, Amit Awekar · Feb 19, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Multi Agent
In multi-agent IR pipelines for tasks such as search and ranking, LLM-based agents exchange intermediate reasoning in terms of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) with each other.
- REDSearcher: A Scalable and Cost-Efficient Framework for Long-Horizon Search Agents
Zheng Chu, Xiao Wang, Jack Hong, Huiming Fan, Yuqi Huang · Feb 15, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Tool Use
To address these challenges, we propose REDSearcher, a unified framework that codesigns complex task synthesis, midtraining, and posttraining for scalable searchagent optimization.
- Beyond Words: Evaluating and Bridging Epistemic Divergence in User-Agent Interaction via Theory of Mind
Minyuan Ruan, Ziyue Wang, Kaiming Liu, Yunghwei Lai, Peng Li · Feb 14, 2026 · Citations: 0
Automatic Metrics Long Horizon
Large Language Models (LLMs) have developed rapidly and are widely applied to both general-purpose and professional tasks to assist human users.
