Constructed Language (Conlang)
A constructed language, or conlang, is a language whose phonology (sound system), grammar (structural rules), and vocabulary (set of words) have been explicitly designed by an individual or a group, rather than evolving naturally through social processes over time. Constructed languages are often created for specific purposes, such as for use in fiction (e.g., Tolkien's Elvish languages), for international communication (e.g., Esperanto), as an academic exercise to test hypotheses about linguistics or cognitive science, or for artistic expression.
The creation of a conlang involves detailed linguistic planning, including the development of phonetic systems, grammatical structures, syntax, semantics, and often a writing system. While some constructed languages aim for simplicity and ease of learning, others might be complex, aiming to explore linguistic possibilities or to enrich fictional worlds.
One of the most famous examples of a constructed language is Esperanto, created by L. L. Zamenhof in the late 19th century with the aim of fostering international communication and understanding. Esperanto features a relatively simple and regular grammatical structure, with vocabulary drawn from several European languages, designed to be easy to learn.
Another example is Klingon, a language constructed by linguist Marc Okrand for the "Star Trek" franchise. Klingon features a complex phonology and syntax, making it challenging for speakers of Indo-European languages. It was created to give a unique and alien feel to the Klingon species in the series, showcasing the potential of constructed languages to enhance world-building in fiction.