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Anchoring Bias in LLM-as-a-Judge Systems: Prior Scores Compromise Evaluation Independence

Ante Kapetanovic, Kemal Altwlkany, Andro Mercep, Tomislav Duricic, Emanuel Lacic · Aug 26, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 65% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Hot Status: Ready
Critique Edit Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • Across 192,000 attempted evaluations (185,271 successful), seven out of the eight evaluated models have 95% task-stratified bootstrap intervals below zero for the total anchored-metadata effect on 20 fixed texts.
  • On categorical industry data with human-labeled ground truth, anchored metadata blocks 48% of error corrections and flips 10.18% of correct judgments toward an assigned wrong label, demonstrating the bias extends beyond numerical scoring to…
Open paper
Free-Text Evaluation of LLMs for 5G Domain Knowledge and Fault Analysis using LLM-as-Judge

Rishiraj Sengupta, Sotiris Chatzimiltis, Mohammad Shojafar, Xiatian Zhu · Aug 21, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 65% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Hot Status: Ready
Pairwise PreferenceExpert Verification Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Medicine
  • While existing benchmarks rely on restrictive MCQs with fixed answer keys, this paper evaluates 5G domain understanding and fault analysis in a free-text generation format.
  • To address this we evaluate three lightweight LLMs, Claude-Haiku-4.5, GPT-5.4-Mini, and Gemini-3.1-Flash-Lite, on free-text 5G domain knowledge and fault-analysis tasks across three benchmarks, TeleQNA ORAN FT, 5G-Faults FT, and TeleInter…
Open paper
Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 65% High protocol signal Freshness: Hot Status: Ready
Pairwise Preference Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • Personalized text generation aims to make LLMs write in a specific individual's style, yet existing benchmarks measure task accuracy or preference alignment rather than whether the model's output actually resembles the target author's…
  • We introduce PersonalBench, a benchmark that evaluates inference-time personalization methods through three independent lenses: LUAR (a trained authorship verification model), an LLM-as-judge, and automated stylometrics.
Open paper
Stratified Consistency Distillation for Natural Language Formalization

Zhichao Hou, Ferhat Erata, Joe Lilien, MohamadAli Torkamani · Aug 31, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 62% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Hot Status: Fallback
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Multilingual
  • Drawing inspiration from the success of fine-tuning in other model adaptation and alignment applications, we propose a fine-tuning-based Stratified Consistency Distillation approach: (1) We generate K logical translations per input using a…
Open paper
RippleMem: From Isolated Retrieval to Associative Recollection for Long-Term Agent Memory

Jingbo Ji, Lingyi Li, Xilong Cheng, Yuhao Zhou, Wenji Zhang, Yuting Tan · Aug 13, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 58% High protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Ready
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Long Horizon General
  • LLM-based agents increasingly rely on external memory to support long-horizon reasoning and interaction.
  • Experiments on LoCoMo and LongMemEval-S show that RippleMem achieves the best overall performance across evaluated settings, improving LLM-as-a-Judge accuracy by 3.95% on LoCoMo and up to 11.87% on LongMemEval-S, while reducing graph…
Open paper
A corpus-specific clinical RAG system matches or outperforms newer frontier LLMs on HealthBench

Praveen Reddy, Charuta Mandke, Suvrankar Datta, Sarah Khan, Siddharth Reddy Anthireddy, Shitij Arora · Aug 12, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 58% High protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Ready
Rubric Rating Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Medicine
  • On 4,023 English-language HealthBench questions (80.5% of the benchmark), scored with a GPT-4.1 judge, VITA ranked first with 51.9% of possible rubric points, ahead of GPT-5.4 (46.1%), o4-mini (44.3%), Gemini 3.1 Pro (42.6%), and Claude…
  • VITA's advantages in accuracy and completeness persisted under the neutral judge; its communication scores were lower.
Open paper
Can LLM-as-a-Judge Reliably Verify Rubrics in Agentic Scenarios?

Yangda Peng, Yunjia Qi, Hao Peng, Haotian Xia, Guanzhong He, Xintong Shi · Jun 29, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 58% High protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Ready
Rubric Rating Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Coding
  • Rubric-based scoring has become a widely used paradigm in model evaluation, typically with LLM-as-a-Judge (LaaJ) for rubric scoring.
  • We introduce RuVerBench, the first benchmark for assessing LaaJ reliability in rubric verification for agentic scenarios.
Open paper

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 58% High protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Ready
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Long Horizon General
  • We identify intervention bias as a previously unquantified failure mode of zero-shot large-language-model (LLM) educational advisory agents: without task-specific training, they recommend action when a hindsight-optimal oracle policy…
  • We also show an Evaluation Gap: LLM-as-judge scoring (DeepEval G-Eval) is blind to intervention bias, rewarding fluent over-prescription rather than decision quality.
Open paper
Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 58% High protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Ready
Red Team Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • Safety evaluation of LLM outputs has generally relied on LLM-based judges, which can be effective but are often slow and expensive to deploy at scale.
  • In this paper, we evaluate whether fine-tuned modern encoder classifiers from the ModernBERT family, including ModernBERT and Ettin, can reliably identify harmful LLM outputs in user-model conversations without substantial performance loss…
Open paper

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 58% High protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Ready
Pairwise PreferenceRubric Rating Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • We present the largest systematic evaluation of LLM-as-a-Judge to date: 21 judges from nine providers across MT-Bench, JudgeBench, and RewardBench, evaluated under three protocols (agreement, consistency, bias audit) over 118 runs and…
  • Four findings emerge, consistent across the full cohort, including the April 2026 frontier: kappa deflation between exact match and Cohen's kappa is universal (33--41 pp on MT-Bench), judge rankings shift by up to 14 positions across…
Open paper

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 58% High protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Ready
Pairwise Preference Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • The consequences are stark: the panel's actual accuracy falls 8-22 percentage points short of what independent voting would achieve, and the best single judge matches or outperforms the full panel across all conditions.
  • Neither adding more judges nor using smarter aggregation algorithms helps -- established methods close at most 11% of this gap, even with access to the correct answers.
Open paper

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 58% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Fallback
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • Predictive-distribution entropy is a strong answer-selection rule in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) for question answering: across five QA benchmarks, selecting the answer a frozen respondent LLM produces with the lowest answer-token…
  • LODESTAR uses reinforcement learning (GRPO) to train, once and offline, a polarizer -- a short fixed natural-language string inserted into the respondent's prompt and never into its weights, directing entropy so that entropy-based answer…
Open paper
Style Wins, Substance Loses: A Diagnosis of LLM-as-Judge in Idea Generation

Fengxian Ji, Yuke Li, Jingpu Yang, Juanfan Wu, Fan Zhang, Zhexuan Cui · Aug 3, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 58% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Fallback
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Medicine
  • However, whether these judges truly evaluate the scientific substance of ideas or are influenced by superficial stylistic presentation remains an open question.
  • To address this question, we propose SciStyleBench, a unified three-component benchmark for diagnosing and mitigating stylistic bias in LLM-based idea evaluation: (i) First, SciStyleStage, a three-stage evaluation environment that applies…
Open paper
Efficient Multilingual Reasoning Transfer via Progressive Code-Switching

Zhijun Wang, Junxiao Liu, Hao Zhou, Hao-Ran Wei, Baosong Yang, Shujian Huang · Jul 1, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 55% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Fallback
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics CodingMultilingual
  • However, existing transfer approaches typically rely on distilled target-language reasoning traces from stronger LRMs or online supervision from external judge models, which are costly and difficult to scale.
  • Experiments on multiple benchmarks and five typologically diverse languages show that PCS substantially narrows the performance gap between target-language and English reasoning, yielding more language-consistent reasoning while maintaining…
Open paper
REDACT: A Systematically Controlled Multilingual Benchmark for Personal Information Detection

Guneesh Vats, Anubha Agrawal, Shikha Singhal, Ajita Dash, Praison Selvaraj, Vidhan Jhawar · Jun 18, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 55% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Warm Status: Fallback
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics CodingMultilingual
  • We present REDACT, a systematically controlled multilingual PII benchmark with 13,427 records, 324,078 entity annotations, 51 entity types, 4,127 surface-form patterns, and 25 languages across 9 scripts.
  • From the full benchmark, we evaluate five detectors (Presidio, GLiNER, the OpenAI Privacy Filter, GPT-4.1, and Claude Sonnet 4.6) on a locked, language-stratified sample of 1,000 records.
Open paper
Quantifying the Statistical Effect of Rubric Modifications on Human-Autorater Agreement

Jessica Huynh, Alfredo Gomez, Athiya Deviyani, Renee Shelby, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Fernando Diaz · May 7, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 53% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Cold Status: Ready
Rubric Rating Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • Autoraters, also referred to as LLM-as-judges, are increasingly used for evaluation and automated content moderation.
  • While these rubrics can be edited to improve the individual accuracy of both human and automated scoring, this approach may result in disagreement between the two scores, or with the associated holistic judgment.
Open paper
EvoAgent: An Evolvable Agent Framework with Skill Learning and Multi-Agent Delegation

Aimin Zhang, Jiajing Guo, Fuwei Jia, Chen Lv, Boyu Wang, Fangzheng Li · Apr 22, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 53% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Cold Status: Ready
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics Multi Agent General
  • Experimental results based on real-world foreign trade scenarios demonstrate that, after integrating EvoAgent, GPT5.2 achieves significant improvements in professionalism, accuracy, and practical utility.
  • Under a five-dimensional LLM-as-Judge evaluation protocol, the overall average score increases by approximately 28%.
Open paper
HyperMem: Hypergraph Memory for Long-Term Conversations

Juwei Yue, Chuanrui Hu, Jiawei Sheng, Zuyi Zhou, Wenyuan Zhang, Tingwen Liu · Apr 9, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 53% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Cold Status: Ready
Pairwise Preference Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • Long-term memory is essential for conversational agents to maintain coherence, track persistent tasks, and provide personalized interactions across extended dialogues.
  • Experiments on the LoCoMo benchmark show that HyperMem achieves state-of-the-art performance with 92.73% LLM-as-a-judge accuracy, demonstrating the effectiveness of HyperMem for long-term conversations.
Open paper

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 53% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Cold Status: Fallback
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • We evaluate on HotpotQA-RAG v3, a controlled multi-hop benchmark, under an artifact-aware protocol (shortcut baselines, counterfactual swaps, no-oracle checks, GPT-4o audits).
  • Calibrated SURE-RAG reaches 0.9075 Macro-F1 (0.8951 +/- 0.0069), substantially above DeBERTa mean-pooling (0.6516) and a GPT-4o judge (0.7284), while matching a strong but opaque concat cross-encoder (0.8888 +/- 0.0109) with full…
Open paper
Appear2Meaning: A Cross-Cultural Benchmark for Structured Cultural Metadata Inference from Images

Yuechen Jiang, Enze Zhang, Md Mohsinul Kabir, Qianqian Xie, Stavroula Golfomitsou, Konstantinos Arvanitis · Apr 8, 2026

Citations: 0

Match reason: Matches selected tags (Llm As Judge, Automatic Metrics).

Score: 50% Moderate protocol signal Freshness: Cold Status: Fallback
Llm As JudgeAutomatic Metrics General
  • We introduce a multi-category, cross-cultural benchmark for this task and evaluate VLMs using an LLM-as-Judge framework that measures semantic alignment with reference annotations.
Open paper