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*SECTION 2: SHORT ANSWERS* *21. Differences between viruses and bacteria* - Viruses are acellular; bacteria are cellular - Viruses require a host to replicate; bacteria can reproduce independently - Viruses are smaller than bacteria - Antibiotics work on bacteria, not viruses - Viruses have either DNA or RNA; bacteria have both *22. Characteristics of microorganisms* - Microscopic in size - Capable of reproduction - Found everywhere (ubiquitous) - Include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa - Can be beneficial or harmful *23. Virus transmission routes with examples* - Airborne (e.g., Influenza) - Bloodborne (e.g., HIV) - Fecal-oral (e.g., Hepatitis A) - Sexual contact (e.g., HPV) - Vector-borne (e.g., Zika, Dengue) *24. Conjugation* - A type of horizontal gene transfer - Involves transfer of plasmid via a pilus - Common in antibiotic resistance spread *25. Gram-positive vs Gram-negative bacteria* - Gram+ has thick peptidoglycan wall - Gram– has thin wall + outer membrane - Gram+ stains purple; Gram– stains pink - Gram– more resistant to antibiotics *26. Functions of flagella* - Motility (movement) - Chemotaxis (movement toward/away from stimuli) - Adhesion to surfaces - Colonization of host tissues - Sensory role *27. Pathological waste examples* - Human body parts/tissues - Blood-soaked materials - Organs from surgeries - Animal carcasses from labs - Placenta after delivery *28. Sterilization methods